wormholes

neighboorhood discovery protocol

request broadcast then reply by the one hearing -> discovery each otheres id message carried node identifier

attack: jamm so they dont see each other

create relationship far away ndoes like wormholes

routes shorter usually take shortest path _> eavesdrop or blackholing

centralized : base staion for example creates the graph and detect anomalys or inconsistencys

decentralized node sneed tob e mroe complex cuz every node needs to detect inconsistencys

wormholes increase numbers of edges in connectivity graph

detecting by statistically hypothesis testing mehtods like x^2 chi quadrat test

multi dimensional scaling

estimate distances

angreiffer muss also distanz manipulieren fällt aber auf weil virtuelles layout verzerrt

ensure pakcets not too far

geo:

each node has gps receiver

gps into header

receiving node can verify if within its range

time:

nodes clock tightly syncronized

timestamp into header

receiver estimate distance based to time it took to reahc receiver

anchor have gps and know own position

they have more range

rules:

must be in communication field

and see more than T anchors

anchor has gps in header

how mitigate wormholes:

must not be more than 2 anchor that r 2R away eahc other

double msges if they receive msg twice for same anchor = wormhole

anchor used one time password in every msg send