The SKELETON (general parts)
• 1.________ (how many?)
• 2.________
• 3. ________ is consists of:
• – also called articulations, or the junctions between skeletal elements
• 4. ________– connect bones
1.BONES (206)
• 2. CARTILAGES
• 3. JOINTS is consists of: • – also called articulations, or the junctions between skeletal elements
• 4. LIGAMENTS – connect bones
Divided into: I- AXIAL II- APPENDICULAR
______ SKELETON
- forms long axis of body
-3 parts
• ______
AXIAL SKELETON
3 parts:
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Thoracic cage
• II- __________ SKELETON
– appendages and structures they are attached to
• Upper limbs (arms)
• Pectoral girdle (shoulder)
• Lower limbs (legs)
• Pelvic girdle
• II- APPENDICULAR SKELETON
The SKULL is composed
1. _______ BONES (OR _______) and
2. _______ BONES (ANTERIOR ASPECT OF SKULL)
1. CRANIAL BONES (OR CRANIUM) and
2. FACIAL BONES (ANTERIOR ASPECT OF SKULL)
_________
• ______ – “______” = skullcap, upper part
• Forms superior, lateral and posterior aspects of skull, and forehead
• ______ or ______: inferior part
• Prominent bony ridges divide cranial base into 3 “______” (steps) – ______, ______ and ______
CRANIUM
• Vault – “calvaria” = skullcap, upper part
• Base or floor: inferior part
• Prominent bony ridges divide cranial base into 3 “fossae” (steps) – anterior, middle and posterior
Cranial Bones (Mnemonic from front to back)
Ethan’s Fried Spanish Pasta Tempted Octavia
Ethan’s = Ethmoid
Fried = Frontal
Spanish = Sphenoid
Pasta = Parietal (2)
Tempted = Temporal (2)
Octavia = Occipital
________
• Immovable, interlocking joints of flat bones of skull
• Irregular, saw-toothed appearance
• Largest 4 skull sutures:(where bones articulate with parietal bones)
• 1. ________
• 2. ________
• 3. ________
• 4. ________
SUTURES
• 1. Coronal
• 2. Sagittal
• 3. Squamous
• 4. Lambdoid
• The SKULL has the following:
• ______ CAVITY – houses brain
• Other smaller cavities of the Cranium
-________ cavity ( housing middle and inner ear)
-________ cavity (organ for smell, turbinates)
-________ cavity (orbits or eyes)
-________ Cavity (Sinuses)
• Openings (foramina, canals, fissures) for:
-________
• CRANIAL CAVITY – houses brain
-Auditory cavity ( housing middle and inner ear)
-Nasal cavity ( organ for smell, turbinates)
-Orbital cavity (orbits or eyes)
-Nasal Cavity (Sinuses)
-Spinal cord
-Blood vessels
-Twelve cranial nerves: I-XII
Remember, the skull is composed of:
1. ________ BONES (or ________) and
2. ________ BONES (Anterior aspect of skull)
1. CRANIAL BONES (or Cranium) and
2. FACIAL BONES (Anterior aspect of skull)
FACIAL BONES Mnemonic (no particular order)
My Mouth’s Palate Never Liked Zuccini In Vinegar
• 1. Mandible
• 2. Vomer
• 3. Maxillae (paired)
• 4. Zygomatics (paired)
• 5. Nasal (paired)
• 6. Lacrimal (paired)
• 7. Palatines (paired)
• 8. Inferior nasal conchae (paired)
NASAL CAVITY
• Bounded by bones and cartilages
• Roof is ___________
• Floor formed by _____ processes of the _____ and ____ plates of ______ bones
• These nasal-floor structures form roof of the mouth, called the _______
• Roof is ethmoid’s cribriform plate
• Floor formed by palatine processes of the 2 maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones
• These nasal-floor structures form roof of the mouth, called the hard palate
Cone-shaped bony cavity holding the eyes, muscles that move the eyes, some fat and tear-producing glands;
you don’t need to know all these bones that form it, just realize how complex it is and recognize the ______ (_____ passes out through it)
ORBIT
you don’t need to know all these bones that form it, just realize how complex it is and recognize the optic canal (optic nerve passes out through it)
___________ SINUSES
• Air-filled sacs in the bones
• Called “___________” because they cluster near and connect to the Nasal Cavity
PARANASAL SINUSES
• Called “PARANASAL” because they cluster near and connect to the Nasal Cavity
SKELETAL ORGANS
not Part of the Axial Skeleton but are situated within the proximity (2)
• HYOID BONE
• BONES OF THE EAR
________ BONE
• Only bone which does not articulate with any other bone • Moveable base for the tongue
• Point of attachment for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during swallowing
• Bone included as part of the Axial Skeleton
HYOID BONE
Remember that the Axial skeleton includes:
1. ______
2. ______
3. ______
plus…..
- ______
1. Skull
2.Vertebral column
3.Thoracic cage
-Hyoid Bone
-Bones of the ear
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• Fetus and infant: • = ____ separate bones, or vertebrae
• Adult: ___+ ___= ____ vertebrae:
• Inferior 9 have fused forming
• The sacrum (___) and
• The coccyx (___)
• Fetus and infant: • = 33 separate bones, or vertebrae
• Adult: 24+ 2= 26 vertebrae:
• The sacrum (5) and
• The coccyx (4)
VERTEBRAE
• Cervical – ____
• Thoracic - ____
• Lumbar - ____
• Sacrum (5 fused) into ____
• Coccyx (4 fused) into 1____
•Total = ____
• Cervical – 7
• Thoracic - 12
• Lumbar - 5
• Sacrum (5 fused) into 1
• Coccyx (4 fused) into 1
•Total = 26
SPINAL CURVATURES
• CERVICAL and LUMBAR are _______ posteriorly*
• THORACIC and SACRAL are _______ posteriorly*
• ABNORMAL: - when viewed from the side too much Curvature (_______ , _______)
- when viewed from Antero-Posterior _____ (more than _____ degrees of lateral curvature)
• CERVICAL and LUMBAR are CONCAVE posteriorly*
• THORACIC and SACRAL are CONVEX posteriorly*
• ABNORMAL: - when viewed from the side too much Curvature ( KYPHOSIS, LORDOSIS)
- when viewed from Antero-Posterior SCOLIOSIS (more than 10 degrees of lateral curvature)
Abnormal curvatures
scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis
Non-bony parts of the Vetebral Column (5)
Non-bony parts of the Vetebral Column
• Intervertebral discs
• anulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus)
• Anterior longitudinal ligament
• Posterior longitudinal ligament
• Ligamentum flavum
wide, strong and attaches to vertebrae as well as discs - prevents hyperextension
* Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
narrow and relatively weak, attaching only to discs*
* Posterior Longitudinal Ligament:
______ VERTEBRAE
• Smallest
• Lightest
• Most flexible
• ________vertebral foramen
• Transverse processes have foramina (_____foramen)
• Spinous process bifid (forked) except for _____
• _____- is the most prominent when back of the neck is palpated
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
• Triangular vertebral foramen
• Transverse processes have foramina (transverse foramen)
• Spinous process bifid (forked) except for C7
• C7 - is the most prominent when back of the neck is palpated
________ VERTEBRAE T1-T12
______ shaped body
• Has additional small costal facets (costal=ribs)
• ____ or ______ vertebral foramen
• Form posterior part of rib cage
THORACIC VERTEBRAE T1-T12
Heart shaped body
• Round or oval vertebral foramen
______ VERTEBRAE L1-L5
Massive blocklike bodies
• Short, thick ______-shaped spinous processes
• Limited mobility
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE L1-L5
• Short, thick hatchet-shaped spinous processes
Shapes posterior wall of pelvis
Composite bone of 5 fused vertebrae
________ allow passage of vessels & nerves
SACRUM
Sacral foramina allow passage of vessels & nerves
(the tailbone)
COCCYX
STERNUM
RIBS
Manubrium - corresponds to the-
Body
Xiphoid process
True ribs 1-7
False ribs 8-12 of the 5 false ribs the last 2 are Floating ribs 11,12
DISORDERS OF THE AXIAL SKELETON (5)
• Scoliosis (over 10% curvature)
• Kyphosis
• Lordosis
• Vertebral compression fractures
• Spinal stenosis
• Unossified remnants of membranes
• Present at birth
• ___________ - largest
• Called “___________”
• Ossify by _______________ years
Continue to ossify into adulthood; the sutures can become fused in old age
FONTANELS
• Anterior fontanel largest
• Called “soft spots”
• Ossify by 1 ½ - 2 years
Some abnormalities (early fusion) of sutures: “___________” _____ Synostosis and ________
Some abnormalities (early fusion) of sutures: “craniosynostosis” Metopic Synostosis and trigonocephaly
________ synostosis and __________________
the most common suture to fuse is the __________ or ____________l suture. Often the back or front of the skull will be worse but the overall shape is a long skull with a shortened distance from ear to ear
Sagittal synostosis and scaphocephaly
the most common suture to fuse is the middle or sagittal suture. Often the bakc or front of the skull will be worse but the overall shape is a long skull with a shortened distance from ear to ear
Zuletzt geändertvor 2 Jahren