_______ SKELETON – consists of the appendages and the structures they are attached to : (4)
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
• Upper limbs (arms)
• Pectoral girdle (shoulder)
• Lower limbs (legs)
• Pelvic girdle
(just read)
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Two (2) PAIRS of LIMBS and GIRDLES
1. PECTORAL (shoulder) girdle attaches upper limbs
2. Three -Segments UPPER LIMB= Arms
Arm
Forearm
Hand
3. PELVIC (hip) girdle secures lower limbs
4. Three -Segments LOWER LIMB = Legs
Thigh
Leg
Foot
PECTORAL GIRDLE
(Shoulder Girdle)
• _____– anterior; aka collar bone
• ____ end attaches to the ___ medially
• ___ end articulates with the ___ laterally
• ___– posterior; aka shoulder blade
• CLAVICLE – anterior; aka collar bone
• Sternal end attaches to the manubrium medially
• Acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally
• SCAPULA – posterior; aka shoulder blade
: triangular, paired, but don’t connect in back
(adds thoracic flexibility)
SCAPULA
SCAPULA (parts & attachments/projections)
• ______ cavity -articulates with the humerus
• ______ - articulates with clavicle
•______ -projects anteriorly
• Glenoid cavity -articulates with the humerus
• Acromium - articulates with clavicle
• Coracoid process -projects anteriorly
UPPER LIMB/EXTREMITY
• Arm or Brachium = upper arm
=Between shoulder and elbow
1 bone: ________
• Forearm or Antebrachium
• 2 bones: ________
• Hand includes:
• 3 bones: ________
(humerus)
• =Radius & ulna
• Wrist (carpus)
• Palm (metacarpus)
• Fingers (phalanges)
ARM
Humerus - is the only bone
Head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity of scapula
Distal & medially, ______ articulates with the ulna
Distal & laterally _______ articulates with the radius
Distal & medially, trochlea articulates with the ulna
Distal & laterally capitulum articulates with the radius
FOREARM
• 2 bones: articulate with each other proximally and distally
• Interosseous membrane between them
• _____
• ____ hinges with the humerus forming elbow
• ______ process distally
• ____
• Contributes to ____ joint
• ____ process anchors a ligament to wrist (_______ side)
• Ulna
• Olecranon hinges with the humerus forming elbow
• Styloid process distally
• Radius
• Contributes to wrist joint
• Styloid process anchors a ligament to wrist (thumb side)
______ is thinner proximally, like a spool of thread, and wide distally;
______ is slightly longer and looks like a monkey wrench
(supposedly!)
Radius is thinner proximally, like a spool of thread, and wide distally;
ulna is slightly longer and looks like a monkey wrench
HAND
• Proximal is “wrist” – ___ carpal bones
• Palm of hand - ___ metacarpals
• Fingers (or digits) consist of miniature long bones
called ____:
- thumb (“____”) has ____ phalanges;
• Rest of fingers have ____: ___, ____, _____
• Proximal is “wrist” – 8 carpal bones
• Palm of hand - 5 metacarpals
called PHALANGES:
- thumb (“pollex”) has 2 phalanges;
• Rest of fingers have 3: proximal, middle, distal phalanges
8 CARPAL BONES
Some – Scaphoid.
Lovers – Lunate.
Try – Triquetrum.
Positions – Pisiform.
That – Trapezium.
They – Trapezoid.
Can't – Capitate.
Handle – Hamate.
PELVIC GIRDLE (Hip Girdle)
• Strongly attached to axial skeleton (_____)
• Deep sockets
• More stable than ____/_____ girdle
• _____ freedom of movement
• Made up of the paired ___ BONES
• “_____” is basin-like structure: _____ bones plus the axial _____ and _____
• Strongly attached to axial skeleton (SACRUM)
• More stable than pectoral (shoulder) girdle
• Less freedom of movement
• Made up of the paired HIP BONES
• “Bony pelvis” is basin-like structure: hip bones plus the axial sacrum and coccyx
Hip bone (OS COXAE): 3 separate bones in childhood which fuse
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
???
• Iliac crest
• Anterior superior iliac spine
• Forms part of “___________” (hip socket) which receives ball- shaped head of femur
ILIUM
• Forms part of “acetabulum” (hip socket) which receives ball- shaped head of femur
PUBIS
• Joins medially in ______
• Forms “______” (large hole) with ___
• Part of socket
• Joins medially in pubic symphysis
• Forms “obturator foramen” (large hole) with ischium
LOWER EXTREMITY/ LIMB
a. Thigh:
FEMUR
b. Leg :
TIBIA
FIBULA
c. Foot:
• TARSALS,METATARSALS, PHALANGES
THIGH
• ____ is the thigh bone
• largest, longest and strongest bone in the body
• Head fits in socket (_____) of pelvis
• ____ is weakest
• Greater trochanter
• Distal: lateral & medial condyles and epicondyles
• Distal to the thigh is ______: - a sesmoid bone ( a bone from the substance of a tendon)
• Femur is the thigh bone
• Head fits in socket (acetabulum) of pelvis
• Neck is weakest
• Distal to the thigh is Patella:- a sesmoid bone ( a bone from the substance of a tendon)
LEG
• _____: shin bone
• Medial and lateral condyles
• Tibial tuberosity
• _______ (medial ankle)
• ______
• ______ (lateral ankle)
• Interosseous membrane
• Tibia: shin bone
• Distal medial malleolus (medial ankle)
• Fibula
• Distal lateral malleolus (lateral ankle)
FOOT
• TARSUS: 7 TARSAL BONES
• 1. ______: articulates with tibia and fibula anteriorly and calcaneus posteriorly
• 2. _______: heel bone
• Smaller
3. Cuboid, 4. Navicular, and 3 Cunieforms • (5. medial, 6. intermediate and 7. lateral)
5 ____________
• 14 ____________
• GREAT TOE is ____________
• 1. Talus: articulates with tibia and fibula
anteriorly and calcaneus posteriorly
• 2. Calcaneus: heel bone
• Smaller 3. Cuboid, 4. Navicular, and 3 Cunieforms
• (5. medial, 6. intermediate and 7. lateral)
•
5 METATARSALS
• 14 PHALANGES
• GREAT TOE is HALLUX
mnemonic tarsal bones
Tiger Cubs Need MILC.
Talus.
Calcaneus.
Navicular.
Medial cuneiform.
Intermediate cuneiform.
Lateral cuneifrom.
Cuboid.
Zuletzt geändertvor 2 Jahren