What are the 3 general effects of CNS depressants?
Relieve Anxiety
Relax muscles
Induce sleep
In the context of alcohol intoxication, why is it difficult to count your drinks?
proof of each liquor can vary significantly
amount of liquor in a cocktail can vary
effects of liquor can be impacted by drinking it straight to diluted
Many factors affect the rate of absorpotion of alcohol, thereby affecting intoxication. Name 2 factors
Total body mass is a big factor because alcohol is distributed in both muscle and fat
More soluble in water —> lower BAC for a leaner person
In which of the following areas do alcohol effects seem more related to actual blood alcohol level BAC than to a combination of alcohol and other nondrug factors?
cogntive behavior
How can dispositional tolerance to alcohol be reversed?
Can be reversed with a period of abstinence
which is true regarding the effects of drinking alcohol on one occasion?
a. some effects of alcohol at a given BAC ten to be greater when the BAC curve is rising than on the descending limb of the curve.
or
b. the effects of alcohol at a given BAC are the same when the BAC curve is rising and when it’s descending.
Which type of tolerance (functional or dispositional) outpaces the other?
what does this mean?
functional tolerance
over time a person will experience decreased behavioral effects faster than how the body metabolize it.
describe the biopsychosocial model of the development of alcohol use disorder
saying that multiple factors combine to cause alcohol use disorder.
combine biological/psychological/sociological factors.
the drug naloxone is described as an opiate antagonist.
the effects of Narcan help reverse the effects of opiate overdose. it blocks the opiate receptors.
while looking into the mechanism of action, several chemicals of the brain's own opiates were discovered. what are these neurotransmitters collectively called?
endorphins
in the making of an epidemic, the book describes how the prescription of opiate painkillers skyrocketed between 1999 and 2001. Describe one main reason or this.
change in the philosophy of pain treatment and the use of OxyContin.
the withdrawal systems associated with opiate dependence may appear after only how many weeks of chronic use?
1-2 weeks of using
how do we treat withdrawal symptoms of opiates in a hospital setting?
hospital detoxification procedures use low doses of synthetic opiates like methadone, enough to reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms but not enough to produce much of a high.
name the dangerous, synthetic opioid that is often used knowingly or unknowingly with other drugs and has been cited as responsible for the recent steep rise in opioid overdoses.
Fentanyl
after detox, an estimated 80-90% relapse within 2 years after leaving the hospital. what is one social-environmental theory to explain this phenomenon?
people tend to go back to the same environment causing them to relapse.
what is THC?
the active chemical of cannabis that affects the nervous system
*creates a high
describe the general behavioral affects of marijuana
provide an example effect.
a general decrease in psychomotor functions
provide 3 drug effects of marijuana
feelings of relaxation
intense sensory perception
impairments in motor coordination
what is the primary common effect of marijuana on cognition?
impaired short-term memory and perception that time passes slowly over time.
which effect is frequently cited as the key motivator for consuming marijuana?
elevated mood
why might we suggest caution when taking marijuana research from the 1980s and applying it today?
what is the function of hallucinogens?
Hallucinogens alter consciousness, sensory perception, mood, thoughts, and physiological processes
what is the difference between hallucinations and delusions?
hallucinations are more vision or perception based and delusions are more cognitive-based, the way you think.
LSD and similar drugs bind to certain serotonin receptors, which may account for their effects on _____ and ______. However, their effects on ______ are sympathomimetic, like those of amphetamines and cocaine.
Moods and emotions
physiology
which of the following hallucinogens may produce synesthesia
ex: hearing colors
Serotonergic hallucinogens
name 3 potential effects of overdosing on PCP or Ketamine.
seizures
prolonged coma
death from respiratory issues
which drug is the most potent of any naturally occurring hallucinogen?
salvia
in what year was chlorpromazine first discovered as a psychiatric treatment?
1950
Name the four classifications of psychotherapeutic drugs
antidepressants
antianxiety
antipsychotics
mood stabilizers
name the 5 major classes of antidepressants
pg 362 in textbook
Tricyclic antidepressants
MAOIs
SSRIs
SNRIs
Atypical antidepressants
the following symptoms are addressed by which class of psychotropic medication?
agitation
mania
hallucin
delusions
psychosis
disorganized thinking
which group is currently the most widely prescribed anxiolytic drugs? Give an example of one that is commonly used.
Benzodiazepines are the most widely prescribed anxiolytic drugs.
an example is Valium.
what is the most common mood-stabilizing drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder?
lithium
which of the following is not true about health insurance?
OCPs are not recommended for those who have what symptoms? Name 3.
people who smoke
history of breast cancer
high blood pressure
what is the definition of anabolic steroids? what do they do?
synthetic drugs that resemble the male sex hormone testosterone
they help with the growth and repair of muscle tissue
name one potential health consequence of the misuse of anabolic steroids that falls under the following categories: cardiovascular, infection, psychiatric, musculoskeletal, or hormonal.
Cardiovascular = blood clots
infection = HIV
Psychiatric = mania
musculoskeletal = tendon injury
hormonal = men (decrease in sperm production) women (deepening in voice)
which route of administration for hormone replacement therapy poses the most risks and side effects.
Describe the potential side effects.
injection
could cause mood swings, weight gain, hot flashes, anxiety, or migraines
describe 4 effects of a lack of insurance coverage for gender-affirming hormones.
1. Lower overall odds of hormone use.
2. Higher odds of use of nonprescription hormones.
3. Such barriers may thus be linked to unmonitored and unsafe medication use
4. increase the risks for adverse health outcomes.
of the 24 categories of OTC drugs listed by the FDA, your text focuses only on analgesics, cold and allergy medications, stimulants, and sedatives. Why is this?
Because these are the OTC drugs with psychoactive properties
which analgesic drug might not be safe for a person who has a history of chronic alcohol abuse (or during a hangover)?
acetaminophen
if a person recognizes that they have a problem, what are the three ways that change is initiated?
quit on their own
self-help groups
professional treatment
what is Maisto’s definition of harm reduction?
harm reduction as reducing the negative consequences of using a substance rather than reducing the quantity or frequency of the person consuming it.
professionals may use the stepped-care approach to treatment. According to Sobell and Sobell (2000), what are the 3 main principles of this approach? treatment should be…
Treatment plans should be individualized. Meaning each patient should have their own treatment plan based on their own needs and problems.
The treatment selected should be consistent with eh current knowledge of effectiveness.
The treatment that is chosen should not be restrictive to the patient lifestyle and resources.
Match the explanations of drug misuse with their example
moral a. live in rehab/sober house
disease b. involving family self-help
biological c. alcoholics anonymous
social learning d. incaceration
sociocultural e. classification of drugs
biopsychological f. pharmacological treatment
moral = d
disease = c
biological = f
social learning = a
sociocultural = e
biopsychological = b
what are the possible forms of group leadership for drug addiction?
name 4 forms
inpatient (hospital)
intermediate (milieu treatment)
outpatient (centers)
therapeutic communities (long-term residential)
name 4 examples of therapies based on social learning therapy
Community reinforcement (residential proĀrams)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) ○
Contingency management (operant conditioning)
4. Classical conditioning-based treatments (ie. cue exposure)
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