וְכוּלֵּי עָלְמָא

= כל העולם

= the whole world

= the majority / everybody thinks

and cast them

An expression used by the Gemara to introduce a contradiction between the source about to be cited and the source which has just been cited, where both sources are of equal authority

או אולי

or perhaps

introduces the second of two possible positions

It was asked of them = They (the scholars in the academy) asked.

This expression ordinarily introduces a problem (בעיא) raised anonymously in the Gemara.

Opens a new sugia.

Normally followed by two opinions (1 pro, 1 contra).

אִם תִּמְצָא לוֹמַר =

= if you will be able to say

= if you say

= If you look into the matter carefully, you will find that…

= If you assume that the answer to the previous question is X, then the following question will arise

a) An attempt to prove a certain opinion from a meaning in the previously cited source

b) Opening for rejection of an attempt to answer a question based on a source that will be cited below. Appears after presenting a question or problem and before citing the source.

When that Baraita was taught

Sometimes an objection based on a Baraita is made to the opinion of an Amora. The Talmud may resolve such an objection based on a Mishna arguing that the law in the Mishna also applies to the case under discussion. The Mishna did in fact refer to this case, altough it was not explicitly mentioned.

משיבים

They object

Anonymous scholars of the Talmud object to the remarks of an Amora mentioned by name on the grounds that his remarks are in conflict with an Tannaitic statement.

Es folgt immer Stam haTalmud. Davor kommt immer Amoräer und danach immer Tannait*innen.

שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ

Hear from this / learn from this / conclude from this

At the beginning of an argument: Draw the following halakhik conclusion from the previous statement

At the end of an argument this expression is used to confirm that the previous conclusion or explanation is indeed correct

תָּא שְׁמַע =

= Come and hear

An expression used to introduce a source

(usually tannaitic, but sometimes biblical or amoraic) (kann jede Quelle sein)

which will be used to support an opinion, prove a point, raise an objection, or resolve a problem.

Jetzt kommt immer ein Twist!!

nach Lösung: bringt neue Schwierigkeit

nach Frage oder Schwierigkeit: bringt Lösung

מדויקת גם כן

it is also precise, for it teaches

An expression introducing a proof in support of the view previously expressed, based on a precise examination of the wording of the Mishna.

Jetzt kommt immer ein Twist!

What we are dealing with here is …

= the case we are referring to is…

This expression is used by the Gemara as an introduction to אוקימתא, an explanation whose purpose is usually to answer a previously raised objection, and to limit the application of the Mishna or Baraita under discussion to one particular set of circumstances.

teaches

The Tanna teaches a particular Halakha in a Mishna or a Baraita.

האם לומר ש

Do you mean to say that…? After all…!

The Talmud uses this expression when, on an occasion, it challenges what seems to be the logical interpretation of a given statement on the basis of another source. In such cases the objection is ofen introduced: “Do you mean to say that we must interpret this passage as meaning that…? After all we have learned elsewhere that…!”

leitet eine קושיה ein

Our Rabbis taught

A termin used to introduce a Baraita, usually a longer anonymous passage from the Tosefta, Mekhilta, Sifra or Sifrei

—> Immer Tannaim

It is difficult

At the conclusion of a sugya: the difficulty mentioned previously remains unresolved

That opinion is also taught in a baraita

A term used to introduce a baraita that supports an unattributed statement in the Gemara or one attributed to a specific amora.

It is taught in a baraita.

A term used to introduce a baraita.

We learned in a Mishna.

A term used to introduce a quotation from a Mishna, either in support of an argument or as the basis for an objection.

It was stated

An expression used to introduce a dispute between Amoraim and, on rare occasions, a dispute between later Tannaim.

It is taught in a baraita in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi X

The following baraita supports the opinion of Rabbi X, an amora whose opinion was cited previously and is the subject of a dispute.

Let us say...?

An expression used to introduce a suggestion that will be ultimately rejected

answer

A conclusive refutation of an amoraic statement, usually on the basis of a tannaitic source that contradicts the statement of the amora.

Rabbi X could have said to you

Sometimes, when an objection is raised against the opinion of one of the Sages, and he did not respond to the objection himself, e.g., because it was raised by a later authority, the Gemara explainst that "Rabbi X could have answered as follows..."

Actually

Sometimes the Gemara suggests a possible interpretation and then rejects it when it proves difficult. Ultimately, however, this interpretation may be proposed again, after which the Gemara proceeds to resolve those difficulties. In such cases, the Gemara reintroduces the original interpretation by saying: Actually, despite the difficulties, what was originally stated was correct...

Say

An expression used to suggest an explanation or emendation

of an unclear statement in the previous passage.

Rather

This usually marks a transition in a discussion in the Gemara, introducing a new explanation of the subject under discussion. It generally indicates that the previous statement should be rejected in favor of a new explanation to be offered.

Conclude from this three conclusions.

The following three conclusions may be inferred from the previsous statement or series of statements.

Is that so? Or: But that is not so!

A term often used to express astonishment at a previous statement. The Gemara then seeks to show that the amora whose opinion was cited could not have made the statement attributed to him: That statement is incorrect. Consider the following...

It is different.

Sometimes the Gemara refutes an objection by distinguishing between two apparently similar cases using this term to introduce the distinction.

And the Halakha is…

An expression used to introduce the Gemara´s decision with regard to a halakhic issue that remaind unresolved in the previous discussion.

When Rabbi X came, he said.

This expression introduces a tradition or a new halakha cited by one of the Sages when he came to the study hall, usually by one who came from Eretz Israel to Babylonia.

Let him teach

This expression is used by the Gemara to introduce an objection to the language or style of a Mishna: Why did the Tanna, who taught this Mishna, not formulate this more clearly?

The one who said.

The sage who holds the opinion cited.

He taught

A term used to introduce a Baraita or Tosefta. Usually the Baraitot introduced by this expression are very brief, one or two sentences long, and they clarify, supplement, or limit the scope of the statements in the Mishna.

And that is not so

An expression used when the Gemara rejects a previously cited opinion.

Is learned as a tradition

The Gemara employs this expression when introducing an argument based on an accepted tradition.

The Master said above in the Mishna/Baraita.

A term used to quote a passage from a previously cited Mishna or Baraita, which will now be elucidated at greater length by the Gemara as a continuatino of the previous discussion.

A is identical to B

(often followed by a question)

What difference emerges from it? What practical consequence is there?

This expression is used when a problem raised by the Gemara seems to be purely academic in nature.

What are the circumstances of the case under discussion?

The Gemara usually follows this question by suggesting one or more possible scenarios and proving that the halakha in question cannot be referring to any of them.

No, it is necessary.

When the Gemara, employing the terms פשיטא or מאי למימרא, objects to a statement on the grounds that it seems self-evident, the Gemara´s reply to the objection is often introduced by the expression: no, the seemingly superfluous statement is necessray, and the Gemara then proceeds to explain why.

Lest you say.

Often the Gemara explains that an apparently superfluous statement prevents us from arriving at an erroneous conclusion. In those case, the Gemara states: You might erroneously have said X. Therefore, the author of the apparently superfluous statement teaches us that the halakha is in fact otherwise.

He teaches us, he informs us.

A term used to introduce the conclusion of a צריכותא. The Gemara explains that an aparently superfluous source was cited in order to provide a crucial bit of information to help avoid erroneous conclusions.

The Mishna is precise only if interpreted in accordance with the opinion of the amora, Rabbi X.

Why discuss specifically this?

As a rule, statements in a mishna or a baraita are formulated to include all relevant cases. Therefore, if a mishna or a baraita links to a halakha to a particular, uncommon set of circumstances when it could have opted for more typical circumstances, the Gemara may object: Why discuss particularly this? In other words: Why was it necessary to cite this particular situation, since the same ruling applies in other cases as well?

The same is true.

The same halakha or principle just established applies in the following case as well.

Since

Sometimes, when part of a tannaitic source seems irrelevant or superflouos, and an amora wishes to explain this apparent irrelevance or superfluity, the Gemara may answer that the problematic section was included, or formulated in that manner, in order to maintain stylistic uniformity. Accordingly, the Gemara may state that the problematic section was formulated under the stylisctic influence of another clause in the passage under discussion.

What is the reason?

The Gemara usuallay uses this expression to introduce an analysis of an unattributed mishan, where the halakha stated appears to be based on a principle of rabbinic rather than Torah origins

teaches

They say in the West, in Eretz Israel.

An expression used to introduce a tradition from Eretz Yisrael. According to the Gemara those traditions are usually attributed to Rabbi Yirmeya.

Act, deed, event, precendent

Granted…

This tern introduces a question in which the element that is understood and acceptable is articulated first, followed by the element that is difficult.

Let us say.

This expression introduces a suggestion that is almost invariably ultimately rejected.

he holds an opinion

They said.

This expression is employed where the Gemara first presents an accepted halakha: They established the following accepted halakha, and then proceeds to introduce a similar or related problem.

According to the one who said

Frequently the Gemara uses this expression to refer to the opinion of one of the Sages, which is ascribed to him elsewhere, without mentioning him by name.

In case X everyone agrees, (lit: does not disagree); when they disagree, is in case Y

Sometimes the Gemara attempts to delimit an issue in dispute by first stating which points are agreed upon by both sides.

X raises an objection

If so

An expression introducing an objection: If what was just said is so, then the following objection can be raised

What, is it not...?

This expression is used to propose an interpretation of a statement in the preceding passage: Why not say that the following interpretation is correct? The reply to such an suggestion usually begins with the word לא - That is not the way to interpret the passage under discussion. Rather, the following is the correct interpretation...

Say the latter clause

= read the latter case cited in the source under discussion, and then you will realize that your interpretation of the first clause is incorrect

The reason is due to X; but if...

Sometimes the Gemara raises an objection based on a detailed analysis of a particular source, asserting that the ruling is applicable only under specific circumstances cited in that source, while under other circumstances the ruling would be different.

In what (case) is this statement said?

An expression used in tannaitic sources to limit the application of a particular ruling to specific circumstances

That is also what he is saying

Sometimes, when an objection is raised that a certain source or Sage should have stated something other than that which was actually stated, the Gemara answers that, in fact, that is how the statement should be interpreted, even though at first glance it appears to mean something else.