How can surfaces can be produced? (in micrometer scale)
Stamping = pressing a shaped tool into a material to creat a specific patern, shape, or design
Moulding = materials (usually a polymer) is shaped into a desired form using a mold (Form)
Chemicaly
Spray-coating = liquid material is applied to a surface using a spray device
Layer by Layer depostion = thin films or layers are built up an a surface by mixing the deposition of two or more diffferent materials
Laser patting = using a layser to create patterns or microstructure on a surface
Exampels where bionic principes are used
Sharkskin-inspired swimsuits:
swimsuits with a texture inspired by sharkskin
texture is designed to reduce drag and increase the swimmer's speed, just as sharkskin helps sharks move more efficiently through water
Gecko-inspired adhesives:
Gecko feet have a unique structure that allows them to stick to surfaces without any adhesives
used this structure to develop adhesives that can stick and unstick to surfaces without leaving any residue or losing their adhesive properties over time
Butterfly-inspired color-changing technology:
The wings of butterflies have intricate nanostructures that produce iridescent colors
mimics the butterfly wing structure to create color-changing displays, coatings, and fabrics
How can a surface be analysed?
Scanning electron Microscipy (SEM)
microscopy that uses a focoused beam of electrons to produce high-resolution images of a samples surface (just blacn and withe)
electrons fired downward toward the onject —> when it falls, itselfs emts (senden) electrons again, which are collected by a detector —> if the beam is directed to another spot, other electrons are emitted and caught by the detector
Serial Block Face Imaging (SBFI)
scanning electron microscopy of surface and then surface layer peeling of
3D image of the inside
Microscopy (AFM / STM)
microspopy that uses a sharp, conductive probe to scan the surface of a sample and produce high-resolution images of its topography at the atomic or molecular level
scanning the surface (Abtatsten der Oberfläche)
Gecko
What is interesting?
How is it working?
Why is it working?
How can the consept be used?
sticky feet
colour changing skin
Geckos are always clean and dry
because of the structure of their feet
foot are coverd in hairly structures, which are made up of even smaller branches
Van der Waals forces —> physical attrachtion —> hairs are slding on the surface
Large surface —> need to be very close together to work
small hairs on the feet = 100 micrometer
at the tip of these hairs are again hairs = 200 micrometer
—> increse the surface area that touch the surface
chemisorption
physisorption
binding energy
adhesive tape
glove material for more grip
climbing skin in ski touring
Grip tape
Why Geckos are always clean and dry?
feet are superhydrophopic —> explaind by the mictoscopic hairs on the feet
each hair is also split into hunderds of nanomatric spatula (spalten)
self-cleaning by rolling water dropelts over the skin and beacuse of the low adhesion and superhyprophobic the dropelt removes the dirt particles
shark skin
sharks can swim long distances while maintaining high speeds
drag reduction
ribelts on the surface of the shark skin
special orientation of the riblets
riblets are reducing drag and turbulence
distance of 120 micrometer; height of 50 micrometer
material: kreatin
Swimming suits
bicycle aerowheels
Lotus leaf
alway dry and celan
superhydrophobic surface
because of the micro- and nanostructures on the leafs —> structures causes water droplets to bead up and roll off of the leaves, taking dirt and other contaminants with them
bumps are mad up of a hard, waxy material called cutin, while the valleys between them are filled with air
self-cleaning surfaces
anti-fogging coatings
spider silk fibers
strong but strechable, biodegradable, biocompatible
10 x stronger than kevlar
protein fibers —> put togethe rin a special arrangement and conection
spider produces different types for different purposes
crossliked proteins
molecular structure —> made up of long chains of amino acids that are folded into specific structure
important is the type of conection between th eindividual protein molecules —> conection not only strong, also flexible, which allows great loads witout breacking
clothing
Ropes
medical structures
polar bear
absorb a lot of energy from the sun and store it in the skin
much of the ligth is reflected through the kreatin fibers to the polar bears skin
skin itslefs is black to absorb as much as possible
—> energy mechanism is a comparing between the fibers which transport the ligth to the skin and the skin, which can absorb the energy:
fibers
hollow and structured cores with relatively big scattering centres (Streuzentren) —> channeling light to skin
skin
black to absorb energy (heat)
fibers for sports wear
soft an lightweight
warm
quick moisture transport
bighorn sheep horn
can withstand enormus forces of a collision between two animals
horn is lage und lightweigth
different structures of macro, micro and nanometer scale
macro: hallow trapered spiral shape
tapered sprial geometry mitigated the geratest amount of pressure and impulse
micro: tubular shape (röhrenförmig)
nano: fibrous shape (faserig)
the different strategies at all size levels result in a light and very strong horn
prodectors
strictured materials
sea horse tail
ability to hold onto objects in its environment —> can wrap around objects and hold onto them securely
flexibility and strength
tail is able to bend and twist in any direction without breaking
unique structure —> biological overlapping structures
highly articulated bony plates that surround the central vertical axis of a seahorse trail
bones are arranged in a way that distributes the load evenly across the tail, allowing it to move and bend without breaking
Robotics
defencce systems (verteidigungssysteme)
biomedicine
Whale
can swim around sharp angles amd toght corners ecen at low speed
shape of the whale fins
bumps on the whale fins lead to a reduced drag and other advantages
turbulence effect —> channeling flow over the fin
wind turbines —> mimicking the bumbs on whale fins could lead to more efficent wind turbines
kingfisher
splashless water entry
piston effect
almost ideal shape for moving from air (low drag) to water (high drag)
beak is streamlined steadily increasing in a diameter from its tip to his head
streamlined beak (stromlinienfärmig)
cancel the tunnel boom of trains
Martins shrimp
extremly high strike force
powerful strike: one of the fastes movements in animal kingdom
power amplification system —> because of a combination of the following factors:
Input energy from the muscles: Spring like system: storing energy in a compressed state. When energy is released, it propels the appendage forward
parid movment: strike is incredibly fast (up to 50 mph in just a fractiom of a ascond)
due to a combination of muscular contractions and release of stored energy
strong exoskeleton: gives the nessasary structural support to withstand the high forces
allows to deliver powerful strickes without damaging its own body
unique appendage design: specially designed for striking and feauter a club-like structure
allows to generate a lage amount of force in a small amount of time
materials —> different layers in different sizes
outer layer (50 micrometer)
middle layer (100 micrometer)
triangular structure
inner layer (70 micrometer)
material testing
Lycopodium
chemically very stable pollen (one of the most chemically inert biological polymers)
practically indestructible
analyses have revealed a complex biopolymer (called cutin), containing mainly long-chain fatty acids, phenylpropanodis, phenolicsand traces of carotenoids in a random co-polymer
material —> cutin —> natural polymere that acts as a barrier, protecting from moisture, chemicals and other environnemental forces (umweltstärken)
Shape & structure —> highly organized and rigid, which helps to prevent degradation and breackdown over time. Unique arragement of cells and fibers gives it strength and stability
supercapacitor
electronic components
woodpecker
show amazingly efficient shock absorption without any recorded damage to their beaks or brains wihle pecking trees
strong materials
energy conversion in the bone (Energieumwandlung im Knochen)
shook waves are dircted around the brain
three structural layers
outer rhamphotheca layer —> kreatin
middle foam layer
inner bony layer
the hyoid bone (comprised of bone and muscle) has a unique geometry compared to those of other birds
break is relatively long, thin and pointed —> helps to distribute the force of the pecking over a lager area, reducing the concentration of the force on a single spot
energyabsorbtion absorb the shock around the head
protective headgear
energy-absorbing structures
Pinecones
Pinecones open the protective cover of the seeds only when the environnmental conditions are stuitable for germination (keimung)
combination of different materials that change properties —> bi-layered structure arrangement
mismatch of the swelling generated the bending movement in special way:
outer layer soaks up in dump weather and increase in length —> closing mechnism
in dry, sunny weather the outer layer contracts again and the scale opens up —> opening mechanism
sport wear (open when wet)
How can a snake “see” warm opjects?
pit organ
contain a specialized type of cell called a sensory neuron, which is sensitive to infrared radition
cells send nerve impulses to the brain, which the snake can use to create a thermal image of its surroundings
How do snakes smell?
—> withe their tongue
forked tongue can collect chemical information places + moving the tongue —> 3D smell
wave tongue outside —> collect smell molecules —> press it against Jacorbson organ in their mouth
what is spezial about the Ictaturus natalis (Gelber Katzenwels)?
Can smell pery even long distances —> dirt + dark water + strong current: can detect food from very fair away without ssing it
because of a higlhy concentration of taste buds
chicken = 24 taste buds
humang tounge = 2000 - 10000 taste buds
Ictaturus natalis = 175000 taste buds
scorpion
scorpions are alwasy clean
structures on the surface
bump on the sirface —> sepcial positions
reduce the area of impact and enlagre relative impact angle in a creatin area
an enlagre relative impact angle leads to a higher erosions rate, which in turn causes the surface to become celan more quickly
in addition, flow simulations show that turbulence is generated in the transverse-grooves (Querrillen) of the scorpion shell, which in turn creates a local air cushion effect (luftpolstereffekt)
self cleaning surfaces / textils
anti fog surfaces
ant slip surfaces
cicada
superhydrophobic properties of the insect wings
advantage to reduce the dust/particle contaimination and to enhance their flight capalility
spezial structure (differ between different species of ciada) —> Various morphologies —> like nanostructured hairs or scales
transparence of the wrings
transparence wrings of the cicada are due to singel level of roughness consisting of regular patterns if nanopillars —> indeed, you can have both superphydrophobic and transparent properties by playing with the size of the nanostuctures
Animal slide on water
water-walking properties
surface tension
dependence on the weight of the presence of air trapped by the roughness
propertie to walk on the water is because of hairs (micrometer scale) on the legs
hairs compsed of waxes —> have superhyprophobic properties with low adhesion —> trap high volume of air between the hairs
(indeed insects sinks if they are put on a liquid with a lower surface tension than water [surface tension of water = 72 mN/m])
Squid swimming
fastest aquatic invertebrates while locomotion
due to a mantle that quickly internal fluid and compress it --> than forcing fluid out through a funnel (Trichter)
Mantle has a complex collagen fiber and muscular system and squid propulsion is primaly done througth muscels (90°= contracting around the mantel, forcing fluid out of the mantle)
can achieve up to 25 body length per second
why dose anything stick to anything?
—> chemical and physical bonds
chemicaly bonds
= strong bonds
= formed electronic transfers between two atoms and new, stable chemical bonds are formed
Ionic bond —> electrostatic interaction between 2 atoms which have a lage electronegativity difference
covalent bonds —> “calssic bonds”, shared electrons
metallic bond —> electrons delocalized, freely moving - metallic properties
physical bonds
= weak bonds (intermolecular bonding)
= created by forces electronic attraction, no new connections are formed
Dipole-diople interaction —> permanent charge spearation
van der Waals forces —> hydrogen bonds
adsorption
= process by which atoms, molecules or ions from a gas, liquid or solute are bound to the surface of a solid
is a consequence of surface energy
Substances stick to the surface of the solid
can happen in different ways, classified as physisorption and chemisoption
physisorption = weak bonding forces are formed between the molecules and the surface (Van der waals forces)
chemisoption = chemical reaction between molecule and surface --> there is a binding site between molecule and surface (covalent bonding)
Drag
= dorce acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid
size range of aerodynamic/hydrodynamic:
air = mm
water = micrometer
Fibres
—> naturla fibres = plants = cellulose
—> natural fibres = animals = proteins
—> synthetic fibres
structures:
layerd
tubular
cellular
layerd:
combination of softand hard layers
perlmut
tubular:
= dispersed (verteilte) pores
crack defaltion
cellular:
ligthweight —> foam
bones
reduce weigth bit still strong
learnings from biomocs?
Material combinations are crucial
Archietecture / Orientation matters
bamboo
strength and durability
lightweigth
increadibly strong
unique structure and composition
hollow tubes filled with fibers that run the length of the stem —> structure gives strength and make it resistant to crushing, bending and twisting
combination of fibers —> work together to absorb and distribute stress
natural resistance to rot and insects
construction
textils
Topics of Bionics
Biomimetics
studying natural systems and processes —> applying that knowledge to design and develop new technologies
e.g. airplain wings, more effective and efficient wind turbines
Prosthetics
focous on developing artificial (künstlich) limbs (Gliedmaßen) and other body barths to replace those that have been lost due to inkury or disease
also included robotics and artifical intelligence
Biodevices
involves the development of devices taht inetract with the human body and ist ssystem, such as pacemakers
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