1. Strategic Materials in the energy transition

• Day-Night cycle

• Seasonal cycle

• Geographical energy distribution of Wind, Water, Sun

• Conversion of Wind, Water, Sun

• Storage

• Transport

  
  

• Energy security

• environmental sustainability

• Energy justice

• electronic and solar energy applications (gallium, germanium, selenium,indium, and tellurium)

• several rare earth elements (praseodymium, neodymium, terbium,dysprosium, and lutetium) important in offshore wind, e-mobility, lighting,and medical imaging

• platinum group metals for catalysts in fuel cells / chemical energy conversion

• thermoelectric conversion of waste heat (cadmium, tellurium)

• magnetic cooling (gadolinium, germanium, indium, cobalt)

• batteries (lithium, cobalt)

• yttrium for high TC superconductors

• Geological availability

• Geopolitics

• Economical Development

• Substitution and Recycling

• Ecological and Social Consequences

• Technical Development

• Substitution is one of several mitigation strategies to deal with thecriticality of strategic metals.

• Substitution can be addressed on several levels of technologyand material science advancement.

• Viability of a substitutional strategy needs to be proven by LCAand LCC.

• All steps of the value chain leading to e.g. a high performancemagnet or a battery, the two essential ingredients for electromobility, are subject to constant improvements.

• Regulations, legislation or disruptive innovation can change theneed for substitution quickly

• Raw materials

• Processing

• Production (components, product)

• Usage

• Re-Phase

• End of life

a method to calculate the environmental impactof a product over its entire life-cycle.In this context, the term 'product'also includes services

• At least 23 key minerals will be critical to the development and deployment ofsolar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles and energy storagetechnologies.

• Many of these minerals are projected to surge in demand in the comingdecades, in part due to the global transition to the low-carbon economy.

• Significant reserves of all of these identified minerals are found in statesperceived to be both fragile and corrupt, as defined by Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index and the Fund for Peace’sFragile States Index.

minerals that “finance armed groups,fuel forced labour and other human rights abuses, and support corruption andmoney laundering