What is our example for a typical failure of incumbent?
What is its history (in short)
Polaroid Camera
peak of employment in 1978
peak revenue 1991
gross margins of 70%
Failure:
first losses 1994
bankruptcy in 2001
How can the company polaroid be described? At the time from 1937-1980?
What were the Beliefs at Polaroid under Land´s lead?
1980
Land: Technology driven Development/ Technological Process driven
(Wollten an die Grenzen des aktuell möglichen gehen und nichts tun, was bereits schon andere taten)
Senior Manager: Polaroid was good at Large Scale Inventions
1981
Land: Belief in instant printing
Photographic Quality
Wanted to bring their amateur systems to a level of performance consistent with the best in photography.
Razer-Blade-Business Model
What was the orientation for the R&D employees?
Our orientation was “technical challenge - we can do it”
Beliefs at Polaroid in 1990
Market driven development
sudied the needs of their customers in each market segment
driving the development of new products
Instant print
even electronic imaging is becoming relevant, there is still a basic human need for permanent visual record
The motivation was to provide instant photography in photographic quality
Razor-Blade Business Model
Money was earned by selling films, not by cameras
Overview: History of Polaroids Capabilities, Serach Activities and Beliefs
What was Polaroids Belief regarding product Development in 1984?
The believed that there is considerable potential in developing new hybrid imaging systems that combine instant photography and electronics.
Definition of population ecology theory
Population ecology theory as a sociological interpretation of the synthetic theory of evolution to explain the birth, development, and death of organizational forms.
What are the research questions of Population ecology theory?
Why is there such a variety in organizational forms?
How do organizational forms emerge, develop, and eventually cease to exist?
What are environmental forces for change?
To what extent is organization´s adaptive flexibility constrained by inertial forces?
What is the research approach of Population Ecology Theory?
What are the key assumptions of poulation Ecology Theory?
What is the definition of a population?
(Population Ecology Theory)
A class of similar organizations facing similar environmental vulnerabilities and sharing the same internal form.
The population is bounded within a common system (geographical, political, economic).
Example: german automakers (e.g. Mecedes Benz, Volkswagen, Audi)
What are the six forces of change?
Competition
(e.g. new market entrants)
Technological change
(e.g. disruption of core technology)
Ethical and social pressure
(e.g. sustainability)
Demographic pressure
(e.g. aging workforce)
Political pressure
(e.g. new regulations)
Economic pressure
(e.g. low interest rates due to financial crises)
What is the defeinition of inertia?
Speed of reorganisation is lower than the rate of environmental change
What are internal constraints?
(Constraining flexibility, leading to inertia)
What are external constraints?
What are the three stages of organizational evolution?
Variation
Selection
Retention
How can the Variation Phase be described
(as the first stage of organizational evolution)?
What are different forms of organizational birth?
What is meant by variation?
an organization faces forces for change und inertial pressure
this leads to the foundation of new organizations and seperations of the company
How can the Selection Phase be described
(as the second stage of organizational evolution)?
What are the two scenarios for an organization in that phase?
What conditions lead to the third stage of organizational evolution?
What different types of retention are there?
What do the two scenarios have in common?
the survival of the fittest leads to Retention
there are to different types of retention
-> Routinization
-> Institutionalization
What are the stakeholder expectations and what the organizational implications?
What is the definition of structural inertia?
What is the hierachy of Structural Inertia?
What are components of the core of structural inertia?
What are the variants of structural inertia? Who especially suffer from change?
How can congruence lead to a managerial trap?
What are the key assumptions of innovation management?
How does the model of a “closed innovation process” look like?
Simple R&D funnel
Smartest work for us, we must discover, develop and ship, be first on the market, control the innovation process
How does the model of an “open innovation process” look like?
many smart people work somewhere else
we need to work with people outside
we don´t have to originate the research
superior business model rather that being the first on the market
profiting from others
What is absorptive capacity?
What are the two subsets of absorptive capacity?
What are the capabilities of the two subsets of absorptive capacity?
What are the components and roles of importance of the dimensions/ capabilities of absorptive capacity?
What is the 4I_Framework of the organizational learning process?
What are the Levels of the 4I-Framework?
Levels->Process-> Inputs/ Outcomes
Organizational Learning as a dynamic process (graphic)
What are the two different processes belonging to the dynamic process?
How can the organizational learning process be interrupted?
What is the not-invented-here syndrome?
(Ablehnende Haltung gegenüber Wissen, das von außerhalb kommt)
What is the influence of the not-invented-here syndrom on the R&D employees of the company?
How does the not-invented-here syndrom effect organizational learning? (short form)
How does the not-invented-here syndrom effect organizational learning? (long form)
Learning Process -> Level -> NIHS Bias
Definition of disruption
Disruptive innovations refer to innovations which replace existing technologies,products, or services and displace them (completely) from the market.
What are current examples of disruptive innovations?
What are examples for disruptive Innovations?
How does the process of disruptive innovations look like?
What are the two major characteristics?
User adoption of disruptive innovations
Why do user switch to a disruptive innovation?
UBER Example
Theory -> Example -> Uber
Theory:
“Disruptive innovationsoriginate in low-endor new-market footholds”
“Disruptive innovations don’tcatch on with mainstreamcustomers until qualitycatches up to theirstandards”
Apple iPhone Example
Business Model vs. Product Market Strategy
Definition
Main questions adressed
Unit of analysis
focus
Definition of a Business Model from David Teece
The power of Business Model Innovation
MP3 Player
Apple
Business Model Canvas
What are the key sections of a company?
What are the building blocks that describe the company´s logic?
What are the strategic circumstances that require a business model change?
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