Definitionen

• The cell expresses a receptor for viral entry

• The virus can enter the cell

The cell can multiply the virus and release new viruses

viral membrane

viral protein embedded into viral membrane

viral protein core

capsid that directly interacts with the viral genome

plaque forming unit

multiplicity of infection

cytopathic effect

positive- or negative-oriented single stranded or double stranded RNA/DNA

single or double stranded RNA/DNA in + or - direction depending on translation direction

infectious dose that infects 50%

• ID50 in cell culture

• cell culture infectious dose 50%

lethal dose 50%; dose at which 50% of animals die

release of viral particles through a cellular membrane and the acquisition of a viral envelope through this process

• empty capsids that spontaneously form from capsid monomers

• used for vaccines

in vitro:        

• experiments with enzyme mix (e.g. Eppi),

• experiments in cell culture

in vivo:        

• experiments in living organisms

• examples: animal experiments, treatment of patients

describes which cell type can become infected

• Wirtsspektrum

• which species can become infected

• receptor binding domain

• binds to the receptor, often highly conserved

• fusion peptide

• penetrates host membrane, triggers membrane fusion

lose binding to attachment factors

binding to entry receptor

strength of binding between ligand and receptor

sum of all affinities if multiple binding sites exist

normal/usual occurence of a certain infectious disease in a certain population

Unusually strong and temporally limited occurence (accumulation) of a certain infectious disease in a certain area

An epidemic of a new pathogen that spans contintents/ the whole world

total number of infections in a population

number of new in fections in a given time period

number of disease cases in an entire population caused by an virus

number of deaths in an entire population caused by a virus

case fatality rate, number of deaths among infected individuals

Virus with RNA genome, RT, integrates into host genome

________________________

(Type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of the cell)

Retrovirus that has entered the germline. Some endogenous Retroviruses have lost their ability to replicate

_________

(Sind Retroviren, die keinen vollständigen Replikationszyklus durchlaufen, sondern als Provirus von Generation zu Generation im Genom des Wirts weitervererbt werden)

PBS:  primer binding site

LTR: long terminal repeat

Retroviral genome integrated into host-genome

_________

Retroviral DNA that is integrated into its host cell genome and is the template for formation of retroviral mRNAs and genomic RNA. Also called proviral DNA.

Ppt: polypurine tract

The virus (its particles or genomes) remain in the body over a long time or lifelong

The virus persists but does not replicate. Latency is controlled at the genome level, e.g. circular viral DNA (Herpesviruses), integrated DNA (retroviruses)

viral replication is active, viral particles are being formed

switch from latency to productive infection

the term „clinical latency“ refers to a state „without symptoms“. Not to be confused with virological latency. Exampls: HIV-infection has a period of 1-10 years of „clinical latency“, but with ongoing, productive infection

latency-associated transcripts

microRNA

A nucleic acid sequence that has been copied into DNA from an intermediate by reverse transcription.