How many definitions of culture already existed in 1952 according to a compilation by A.L. Kroeber and C. Kluckhohn?
Two definitions
About 10 definitions
About 50 definitions
More than 150 definitions
more than 150 definitions
Who defined culture as "collective mental programming of the mind"?
Edward T. Hall
Geert Hofstede
Alexander Thomas
Alfred L. Kroeber & Clyde Kluckhohn
Geert Hofstede defined culture as...
“....a man’s medium”.
“...collective mental programming of the mind”.
“...a universal phenomenon”.
“...consisting of patterns, explicit and implicit,...”.
collenctive mental programming of the mind
A theory by Edward T. Hall suggests that most aspects of culture remain invisible. What is this theory called?
Iceberg theory
Mountain theory
Onion theory
Tree theory
According to the Iceberg theory by Edward T. Hall, which of the following elements would be considered visible aspects of culture?
Traditions
Values
Beliefs
Norms
Worldviews
Attitudes
Music
Art
According to the Iceberg theory by Edward T. Hall, which of the following elements would be considered invisible aspects of culture?
Heroes
Artefacts
What are the three practices of culture according to the Onion Model by Geert Hofstede?
Symbols, heroes and rituals
Symbols, heroes and values
Values, heroes and rituals
Symbols, values and rituals
Symbols heroes and rituals
According to the Onion Model by Geert Hofstede, what represents the deepest level (the core) of a culture?
Symbols
Rituals
According to the Onion Model by Geert Hofstede, which of the following elements does not belong to the layers, or “practices,” around the core of the onion?
Which were the first four cultural dimensions identified by Geert Hofestede for his cultural model?
Power Distance, Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity
Power Distance, Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance, Space
Power Distance, Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance, Time
Power Distance, Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance, Information flow
One of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede's cultural model is called "power distance". Which of the following characterizations corresponds to a low power distance culture according to Hofstede?
Smaller middle class and larger lower class
High income inequality
Larger middle class, and smaller lower class
Control and influence is concentrated in the hands of a few
One of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede's cultural model is called "power distance". Which of the following characterizations corresponds to a high power distance culture according to Hofstede?
Larger middle class and smaller lower class
Low income inequality
Control and influence is equally distributed
One of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede's cultural model is called "uncertainty avoidance". Which of the following characterizations corresponds to a culture with weak uncertainty avoidance according to Hofstede?
Feeling of „What is different is dangerous“
A need for rules
Low adoptance of innovations
Feeling of „What is different is curious“
One of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede's cultural model is called "uncertainty avoidance". Which of the following characterizations corresponds to a culture with strong uncertainty avoidance according to Hofstede?
People don‘t like rules
People tend to stay in the same jobs
Change of job is much more easily done
One of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede's cultural model is called "indulgence versus restraint". Which of the following characterizations corresponds to an indulgent culture according to Hofstede?
eople suppress gratification of needs
Freedom of speech and personal control are important
Regulation by strict social norms
People feel helpless to their personal destiny
One of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede's cultural model is called "indulgence versus restraint". Which of the following characterizations corresponds to a restrained culture according to Hofstede?
People suppress gratification of needs
People are able to gratify their needs to enjoy life relatively easily
Less regulation by strict social norms
One of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede's cultural model is called "long term orientation versus short term orientation". Which of the following characterizations corresponds to a culture with a short-term orientation according to Hofstede?
The present is influenced by long- standing traditions
Today‘s actions are binding for the future
Social change is easily mobilized
Stable and binding social structures remain in place for generations
One of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede's cultural model is called "long term orientation versus short term orientation". Which of the following characterizations corresponds to a culture with a long-term orientation according to Hofstede?
Traditions have nostalgic value
Unstable and non- committal social conditions
Social change easily mobilized
One of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede's cultural model is called "individualism versus collectivism". Which of the following characterizations corresponds to an individualistic culture according to Hofstede?
Perceive themselves as members of a group
Greater relationship -orientation
Personal goals should be in accordance with the group
Personal goals must not be in accordance with the group
One of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede's cultural model is called "individualism versus collectivism". Which of the following characterizations corresponds to a collectivistic culture according to Hofstede?
Everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family
Members perceive themselves as autonomous individuals
Ties between individuals are loose
One of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede's cultural model is called "masculinity versus femininity". Which of the following characterizations corresponds to a more masculine culture according to Hofstede?
Preference for cooperation in society
Society at large is more consensus- oriented
Society at large is more competitive
Gender roles are not limited to clearly defined characteristics
Which of the following elements does not belong to Hall's 4-dimensions-cultural model?
Context
Space
People-Nature Orientation
Information flow
"Depending on the culture, people determine their intimate, personal, social and public space differently." To which cultural dimension of Hall's cultural model does this correspond?
Low personal distance vs. high personal distance
Long term orientation versus short term orientation
Indulgence versus restraint
Individualism versus collectivism
One of the cultural dimensions of Hall's cultural model is called "time". To which characteristic does the concept ofmonochromic time cultures correspond?
People experience and use time in a linear way
People experience and use time in a simultaneous way
Many things can occur at the same time
Time is flexible
One of the cultural dimensions of Hall's cultural model is called "time". To which characteristic does the concept of polychromic time cultures correspond?
Time is divided into segments
People concentrate on one thing
One of the cultural dimensions of Hall's cultural model is called "high and low context cultures". To which does the concept of high context cultures correspond?
Very little of the information is in the person who transmits the message
Most of the information is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message
Need of detailed background information
Most of the information is in the person who transmits the message
one of the cultural dimensions of Hall's cultural model is called "high and low context cultures". To which does the concept of low context cultures correspond?
Very little of the information is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message
Do not need detailed background information
In the field of cross-cultural research, various scientists have defined so-called cultural dimensions. Read the following cultural dimensions and think about which scientist is behind it.
Which cultural dimension was defined by which scientist?
Time
Hall
Schwartz
Hofstede
Trompenaars
Uncertainty avoidance
Longterm versus shortterm orientation
Low context versus high context
Universalism versus particularism
Masculinity versus feninity
Embeddedness vs. Autonomy
Neutral versus affective
Specific versus diffuse
Low Information Flow vs. High Information Flow
Low personal distance versus high personal distance
Low power distance versus high power distance
Hierarchy vs. Egalitarism
Performance Orientation
Global Study
HAll
Assertiveness
The political system of a country can be assessed according to two dimensions. One of them is...:
Collectivism vs. Individualism
Collectivism vs. Democracy
Democracy vs. Individualism
Collectivism vs. Totalitarianism
Democracy vs. Totalitarianism
The antithesis of democracy would be
Totalitarianism
Market economy
State economy
Individualism
Which of the following statements would you consider correct? A: Political systems that emphasize individualism tend to be democratic.
B: Political systems that emphasize individualism tend to be totalitarian.
C: Political systems that emphasize collectivism tend to be democratic.
D: Political systems that emphasize collectivism tend to be totalitarian.
A and B
A and C
A and D
B and C
The concept of political individualism can be traced to the following Greek philosopher:
Plato
Aristotle
Socrates
Epicurus
The theory of the "invisible hand" by the British economist Adam Smith can be related to the political concept of....:
Collectivism
What is a common attribute of a totalitarian system?
Censored media
Free elections
Opposing political parties
Right of freedom of expression
What is not a common attribute of a totalitarian system?
Limited state information
Political police and armed forces
What is not a common attribute of a democratic system?
censored media
What is a common attribute of a democratic system?
No free elections
A fair and independent court system
Limited right of freedom of expression
free elections
The concept of individualism best corresponds to the economic system of a...: A: Market economy? B: Command economy? C: Traditional economy?
A
B
C
The concept of collectivism best corresponds to the economic system of a...: A: Market economy? B: Command economy? C: Traditional economy?
In a market economy, production is determined by...
The interaction of supply and demand
Central government planning
State owned enterprises
The ruling political party
The interation of supply and demand
In a command economy, production is determined by...
Consumers
Privately owned enterprises
In a market economy, the price of a good is determined by...
In a command economy, the price of a good is determined by...
In a mixed economy, ....
all productive activities/businesses are state owned.
all productive activities/businesses are privately owned.
certain sectors of the economy are privately owned, others have state ownership.
nobody owns the productive activities/businesses.
Read the following two statements. Which of them would you consider correct?
A: In countries where individual goals are given primacy over collective goals, we are more likely to find market-based economic systems.
B: In countries where collective goals are given primacy, the state may have taken control over many enterprises; markets in such countries are likely to be restricted rather than free.
none
A: In countries where individual goals are given primacy over collective goals, we are more likely to find command economic systems.
B: In countries where collective goals are given primacy, the state may have taken control over many enterprises; markets in such countries are likely to be free rather than restricted.
What kind of political philosophy corresponds to a command economy, i.e. one whose objective is for the government to allocate resources for "the good of society."
A: Collectivism
B: Individualism
both
What would the Greek philosopher Aristotle have said regarding a country’s political and legal system?
A: "Private property is more productive than communal property."
B: "Communal property is more productive than Private property."
C: "Both are equally productive."
On which elements is a common law system based?
Tradition, customs and precedents
A detailed code of laws
Religious beliefs
A mixture of religion and tradition
In which of the following legal systems do judges have greater flexibility in interpreting the law?
A: In a common law system
B: In a civil law system
in A and B the same
According to Transparency International’s 2017 Corruption Perceptions Index, which three countries have the lowest level of corruption?
Estonia, Ireland, Japan
Tunisia, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso
Denmark, New Zealand, Finland
Germany, United Kingdom, Australia
According to the World Economic Forum’s 2018 Global Competitiveness Report, which three countries rank highest in the protection of intellectual property?
Switzerland, Finland, Luxembourg
France, Canada, Australia
Indonesia, Cyprus, Cameroon
Kuwait, Honduras, Dominican Republic
Which of the following descriptions best characterizes a social system that emphasizes the individual?
The group to which one individual belongs is important for one’s social standing
Strong identification with groups and the place of employment
Less dynamic and less appreciation of entrepreneurship
High managerial mobility and less loyalty to a single company
Which of the following descriptions best characterizes a social system that emphasizes the group?
Less emphasis on individual performance
Less teamwork and cooperation
Entrepreneurship highly valued
What does the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country measure
The sum of the gross value of all resident producers in the country
The average disposable income of a country’s residents
The sum of the gross value of all resident producers in the country, divided by the population
The total annual income of a country’s residents
What does the GDP per capita of a country measure?
The average total annual income of a country’s residents
The standard of living of a country is often measured by
GDP per capita
GDP
growth GDP
GDP x Population
What does the GINI coefficient measure?
Economic inequality
Achievement in three basic dimensions of human development
Economic growth
Gross domestic product
What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure?
Income or wealth inequality
Economic growth compared to the previous year
Gross national product
Which of the following indicators would you consider most adequate to measure economic inequality?
Human Development Index
Gini Coefficient
GDP growth
The GINI Coefficient can be used as a measure for income inequality. Below you find a list of fictional countries and the corresponding GINI coefficient. In which of the countries is the economic inequality the lowest?
Country Alfa: 0.5
Country Beta: 0.8
Country Gamma: 0.7
Country Delta: 0.1
What are the three dimensions of the Human Development Index?
Long and healthy life, Knowledge, A decent standard of living
Economic growth, Knowledge, A decent standard of living
Long and healthy life, Economic growth, A decent standard of living
Long and healthy life, Knowledge, Economic growth
You are in a foreign country and wish to compare the country's economic inequality to that of your home country. Which of the following indicators would you consider most adequate?
You are in a foreign country and wish to compare the country's economic development in the last year to that of your home country. Which of the following indicators would you consider most adequate?
You are in a foreign country and wish to compare how big the country's economy is compared to that of your home country. Which of the following indicators would you consider most adequate?
You are in a foreign country and wish to compare the country's development apart from economic factors to that of your home country. Which of the following indicators would you consider most adequate?
What might you call a set of guidelines on how to behave to ensure that business ethics and corporate social responsibility are lived within an organization?
A code of conduct
A labor code
A business strategy
A product strategy
In the context of business ethics, what does the abbreviation CSR stand for?
Corporate special responsibility
Corporate social responsibility
Corporate social reaction
Common social responsibility
To ensure ethical employment practices, the OECD recommends in its "Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises" that workers should have the right of constructive negotiations with the employer. With which employment practice could this be ensured?
Limited number of working hours per day
Worker representation bodies like trade unions
Workplace safety standards
Abolishment of forced labor
When were the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?
1969
1948
1985
1945
Which of the following ethical issues in the international business context would not be considered an environmental issue?
Dumping of toxic chemicals
Exceeding working hours
Emission of pollutants
Polluting of rivers
To which philosophical approach to ethics does the following statement best correspond? "The only social responsibility of business is to increase profits."
Justice Theories
Rights Theories
Friedman Doctrine
Kantian Ethics
Which of the following theories/approaches is not discussed among the philosophical approaches to ethics?
Personal ethics
Which of the following philosophical approaches to ethics does not belong to the straw men approaches?
Utilitarian Ethics
Cultural Relativism
The Righteous Moralist
The Naive Immoralist
To which philosophical approach to ethics does the following statement best correspond? "One should adopt the ethics of the culture in which one is doing business"
To which philosophical approach to ethics does the following statement best correspond? "The best decisions are those that produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people."
Straw men
Which philosophical approach to ethics was the underlying motivation for the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Which philosophical approach to ethics can be traced to the philosopher John Rawls?
Kantian ethics
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