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Infertility - FC

Etiology

FC
von Felix C.

List systemic conditions for female infertility.

  • Thyroid disorders

  • Diabetes mellitus

  • Hypertension

  • Obesity

  • Cushing syndrome

  • Chronic diseases (e.g., hepatic or renal)


List ovary-related causes for female infertility.

  • Menstrual cycle abnormalities (e.g., functional hypothalamic amenorrhea)

  • Hyperprolactinemia

  • Premature ovarian failure

  • Pituitary adenoma

  • Diminished ovarian reserve

    • A decline in functioning oocytes (either reduced number or impaired development)

    • A normal consequence of age, but can also be caused by an underlying disorder (e.g., endometriosis)

  • Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

  • PCOS


List tubal/pelvic causes for female infertility.

  • PID

  • Endometriosis

  • Fallopian tube adhesions and/or obstruction

    • Following tubal or pelvic surgery

    • Following infections: appendicitis, chronic chlamydia infection, acute salpingitis, inflammatory bowel disease


List uterine causes for female infertility.

  • Anatomical anomalies (see “Anomalies of the female genital tract”)

    • Septate uterus

    • Bicornuate uterus

    • Mayer‑Rokitansky-Kuster‑Hauser syndrome

  • Uterine leiomyoma

  • Endometrial polyps

  • Asherman syndrome

    • Mostly iatrogenic (scarring, fibrosis, and/or adhesions of the endometrium caused by curettage)

    • Reduces the sensitivity of the endometrium to progestogens


List cervical causes for female infertility.

  • Trauma (e.g., following cryotherapy, conization)

  • Immune factors (e.g., antisperm antibodies in the cervical mucus)

  • DES exposure in utero

  • Cervical anomalies (e.g., insufficient cervical mucus production)


List psychiatric causes for female infertility.

  • Vaginismus

  • Sexual arousal disorder


List chronic conditions causing male infertility.

  • Liver cirrhosis

  • Renal insufficiency


List spern disorders causing male infertility.

  • Reduced sperm count

  • Impaired motility

  • Reduced ejaculate volume


List testicular causes of male infertility.

  • Scrotal injuries

  • Testicular torsion

  • Infections (e.g., mumps, gonorrhea)

  • Scrotal hyperthermia (varicocele)

  • Cryptorchidism


List medications causing male infertility.

  • Anabolic steroids

  • Spironolactone

  • Corticosteroids

  • Cimetidine


List endocrine causes of male infertility.

  • Thyroid disorders

  • Hyperprolactinemia

  • Pituitary and hypothalamic tumors (e.g., pituitary macroadenomas, craniopharyngiomas)

  • 21–hydroxylase deficiency


List inherited causes of male infertility.

  • Klinefelter syndrome

  • Kallmann syndrome

    • Often associated with structural/developmental abnormalities: cryptorchidism, cleft palate, scoliosis, renal agenesis

    • Characterized by delayed onset of puberty and hyposmia/anosmia

    • More common in men

  • Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

  • Y chromosome microdeletion


Describe sexual dysfunction as a cause for male infertility.

  • Impaired libido

  • Anejaculation


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Author

Felix C.

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