C02 Cognitive Sytems Definition

• the process involved in knowing

• -> includes perception and judgement…

• => all processes of conscionsness by which knowledge is acumulated

  • -> i.e. percieving, recognizing, conceiving, reasoning

• => experience of knowing (rather than feeling or willing)

• -> refers to brain as well as to mind

german:

• gesamtheit aler prozesse die mit dem wahrnehmen und erkennen zusammenhöngen

• regularly interacting or independent group of items forming a unified whole

• gorup of interacting bodies under the influence of related forces

• group of body organs that together perfrm one or more vital functions

• body considered as a functional unit

• gorup of devices or artifiical objects or an organization forming a network especially for distributing sometihing or serving a common purpose

• enables system to operate in a meaningful way beyond its original pre-programmed behavior and specificatoin

• => cognition as a mechanism of active, self-reliant and autonomous behavior…

• => sum of all mechanisms that enable a system to deal with the uncertainty and change within real-world environments

• cognition is an essential prerequisite for a systems autonomy!

• fixed goals and intentions that guide the decisions and actions of the system in a purposeful way

• -> allows the system to maintain well-defined state even in hostile conditions

• => percieve current conditions and come up with plan that corresponds to goals…

cognition:

• enables interactoin with other cognitive agents by anticipating and respecting their individual goals

• technical systems based on and operate according to exact formal descriptions, rules and specifications

• no -> one of the main research questions that the software engineering deals with…

• no! -> there is no “formal” specification of the world

• => solving such tasks with tradtitional methods requires a priori knowledge!

  • i.e. application-specific constrains that allow for a formal description of a constrained sub-problem

    • -> i.e.

    • real-world task: go to supermarket

    • a priori knowledge:

      • which supermarket

      • when to go

      • rules for choice of path

      • …

• as soon as the asumptions the formal description bases upon are violated

• -> system fails since its world model is no longer aligned with reality!

• robots excel at well-defined repeatable tasks

  • -> where they can evenoutperform the most skilled human workers

• no robot built up to now can operate in dynamic real-world environments and carry out simple everyday tasks such as walking, shopping, etc…

factory well defined i.e. spot welding

• can be precisely described w.r.t. end-effector positions and durations

• complete environmetn of the robot is known and usually secured by a cage…

• robot behaves fully deterministicaly

• environment behaves fully deterministially

shopping task ill-defined

• writing shopping list depends on external factors

  • e.g. appetite, special offers, menu, availability…

• going to the shop is different every time

  • e.g. time of day, traffic…

• position of the items in the shop might change wihtout notice

• availabliiy of items has direct influence on the menu, which in turn affects shopping list

• etc.

• autonomous system

• that can percieve its environment

• learn from experience

• anticipate the outcome of events

• act to pursue goals

• and adapt to changing circumstances

• no -> global process at the system level that integrates many different processing modalities

• special cognitive skills such as

  • intelligence

  • learning

  • memory

  • interaction

  • etc.

• no -> cognitive systems theory provides conceptual framework that accomodates many other disciplines

• e.g.

  • artificial intelligence

  • machine learning

  • computer vision

  • control theory

  • etc.

• => highly interdsciplinary field of research (ranging from neuro science to computer science and robotics…)

• cognitive functions

  • or

• cognitive skills

• brain handles cognitive tasks

  • -> is embedded in a body

• body is in an environment

• environment is made up of other things and other agents we can interact with

• environment shows set of constraints restricting our actions

• perception (sensing stuff)

• cognition -> gaining knowledge about the perceived stuff

• action -> act based upon our goals and what we gained on knowledge from our perception

• -> action influences our state requiring new perction…

• cognition divided into anticipation, assimilation and adaption

• make up the cognition task

• anticipation:

  • try to make prediciton based on what we percieved

• assimilation:

  • making new information (which we anticipate) fit in with existing understanding of the world (soll vs ist)

• adaption:

  • adjust and learn based on the new information we gained… (assimilate to the new knowledge…)

• autonomous driving

• natural language processing

• human-robot interaction

• physical interaction (e.g. walking, sports)

• collaborative work with multiple agents

• self-reliance

• perception and action

• adaption

• cognitive system must be able to

• act in and interact with its environment

• self-reliantly, purposefully and independnetly

• goal-directedness

  • take on goals

  • formulate predictie strategies to achieve them

  • put those strategies into effect

• autonomy

  • operate with varying degrees of autonomy

• interaction

  • interact - cooperate, collaborate, communicate - with other agents

    
    

• cognitive system must be able to

• percieve its environment

• make sense of its perceptions

• and predict future events

• interpretation

  • read the intention of other agents ant anticipate their actions

• sensing

  • sense and interpret expected and unexpected events

• anticipation

  • anticipate the need for actions and predit the outcome of its own actions and those of others

• action

  • select a course of action, carry it out, and then assess the outcome

• cognitive system must be able to

• adapt to changes

  • of itself

  • of others

  • within the environment

• reaction

  • adapt to changing circumstances, in real-time, by adjusting current and anticipated actions

• learning

  • learn from experiene: adjust the way actions are selectee and performed in the future

• anomaly detection:

  • notice when performance is degrading, identify the reason for the degradation, and take corrective action

• turing test

• based on an imitation game

• an interrogator can cuminicate with a player A (a man) and a player B (a woman) through written notes

• interrogator tries to determine whether player A or player B is the woman

• in the test, player A is replaced by a computer that tries to make the interrogator believe that it is the woman

• compter passes the test when it manages to deceive the interrogator as often as the man

  • -> computer is as good as man in “misleading” interrogator…

in more common standard interpretation:

• computer imitates human

• interrogater has to tell human and computer apart…

• says that computer cannot think even if it passes the turing test

• thoutht experiment

• -> a person without any knowledge of the chinese langugage is sitting in a room

• room contains an archive with rules that map chinese characters to appropriate chinese responsees

• room contains a slot through which the preson receives questions from chinese speaker

• like a computer program -> person uses rule archie to generate answers to the questions by performing operations on strings

• -> even if person produces the perfect answers, he/she still does not understand the meanings of the characters…

• rule archive would have to be infinitive to be really able to react to all possible inputs

• -> not really possible…

• phenomenon that states

• that steady incrase in “human-likeness” of a robot does not yield a steady increase of familiarity to humans

• what about the liablity?

  • -> e.g. autonomous car?

• => how can an artificial cognitive system decide which persons life to save in an unaviodable accident?

• can an artificial cognitive system be conscious?

• does an artificial cognitive systme that acts like a humab person posess personhood?