Altklausurfragen

1. Mass extinction of anaerobic organisms like bacteria and archaea

2. Diversification of aerobic life forms including eucaryotes and mutocellular organismsdue to higher O2 content in the atmosphere and in shallow water habitats as well as surface open ocean

3. Evolutiion of complex life: increased O2 in tthe atmosphere allowed the development of more energy-demandiing and metabolically active organisms

4. Ozone layer formation: blocking large quanities of the harmful UV-light from the sun allowing life on land

• Oxygen -> respiration as the mos efficient energy pathway

• Nirate -> denirification in O2 depleted water

• Sulfae -> prevalent in deep sea sediment baceria urning SO4 into H2S

• CO2 -> through anaerobic oxidation of methane in O2 and SO4 deprived environments

Mixotrophic predatory algae have the ability to gain energy from sunlight which is why they often inhabit low nutrient environments. they consume organic matter iin order to:

1. supplement nutrients in low nutrient environmentts and in times of nutrient fluctuations

2. acquire energy in low light environments

3. to have a competiittive advantage

• Digestion and nutrient metabolism

• Immune system regulation

• Metabolism and energy homeostasis

• Protection against pathogenes

• Development and function of the central nervous system

• Regulatioin of inflammation

• Drug metabolism

• OA decreases seawater alkalinity

• OA and respiration have the same effect on seawater carbonate chemistry

• OA increases the CO2 partial pressure in seawater

• OA decreases the carbonate ion concentration in seawater

• Shipping and marine activities (e.g. ballast tanks)

• Aquaculture and Live food trade

• Canal and waterway connection

• Recreational activities (e.g. aquaristic)

• Natural dispersal (storms, floods, wildlife movement)

days-months

From least to most intensity:

1. Selective breeding: controlled matinng to develope desired traits

2. Induced acclimatization: stimulating adaptive responses due to controlled environmental conditions

3. Symbiodinium evolution: specific selection of microbial symbiotic dinoflagelates that are used in corals

4. Microbial community modification: intentional alterations of the microbial communities of plants, animals and ecosystems

Symbiosis: close long term interaction between two or more species with mutually benefitial, neutral or detrimental consequences.

Holobiont: term to describe a host organisms and all of its associatied symbiotic organsims

Differences:

• Symbioses describes the interaction while a holobiont is the host and the symbionts

• Symbiosis can include different constellations of dependence and independence while within the holobiont a complex interdependance is found

• Symbiosis happens at species level while the holobiont is a higher level unit of organisation

1. Overfishing and unsustainable fishing practices

2. Habitat loss and degradation

3. Climate change

4. Pollution and marine debris

• Salinity (Desiccation?)

• Temperature

• pH