Northern, Southern, East Midland, West Midland, Kentish
Examples:
3 Pers Sg.:
loveth in Southern Dialect and Midland District
loves in North
Plural indicative form of Verb:
loveth in Southern Dialect
loven Midland District
loves in North District
Present Participle:
lovinde in the South
lovende in the Midland
lovande in the North
Pronouns:
hi here hen in the South
they their them in the North
Südhembrishe Verdumpfung: a: => ↄ:
stone, home in the south
stane, home in the North(Scotland)
Southern voicing
vor, vrom, vox Southern Middle English
Northern for, from fox Northern Middle English
ch in the SOuth often corresponds to a k in the north
church vs kirk
bench vs benk
Word Stock
OE, North, Latin, French
Germanic/OE : rīce ‘kingdom, reign’
Old Norse:
Lexical Borrowings: anger skirt, sky, window, skill, want, get, give,
Grammatical Borrowings: they, their, them, are
French:
Loan Words: noble, army judge, rpison sausage, bacon, fruit
Latin:
loan words: circus, status minimum, medium,calculus, exit
The three word stock:
Latin, french, Germanic
ME is the Agge of transition
from synthetic to analytic
from inflexions to word order
First Person
Sg
Pl
Nom
I
we
Acc
me
us
Gen
my(n)(e)
our(e)(s)
Dat
Second Person
Sing.
Plural
thou
ye
thee
you/yow
thyn
your(e)(s)
Third Person
Sing
Mac
Fem
Neut
he
she
it
they
hym
hir
hem
his
audience poetry was primarily an oral encounter.
Spelling evidence
rhyming evidence
comparative evidence
Single vowels before single or double consonants were short if they are still short vowels in PDE and that single vowels are long if they remain long today
Exception
In ME we had the [e:] sounf for words that are now spelled with <e,ee> such as free
and the [ɛː] for words spelled with <ea>
<ea> like dead and breath now short but in ME were pronounced with the long [ɜː]
<oo> like good and food were pronounced with the long vowel [oː]
ME
PDE
meet[me:tən]
mi:t
meat[mɛːtə]
mo(o)d[o:]
mood[u:]
name[a:]
name[ei]
feet [e:] =>[i:]
mouth [u:] => [au]
name [a:] => [ei]
Great Vowel Shift
Fifteenth and sixteenth century
The shift happened after spelling system become standardized and therefore did not affect the way such words are spelled
Process of standardization
Selection
Acceptance
Functional expansion
Linugisitc elaboration
Codification
WOrd Import
OE: cniht
ME: knight
Old Hugh German: kneht
Old Saxon: knecht
450 Germanic Conquest
450-600 prehistoric Old Egnlisch
600 Christianization
600 - 1150 Old Englisch
1066 Norman Conquest
William the Great invades England=> Battle of Hastings
1204 Normandy was lost to King John of England
Black Death 1348
1150 -1500 Middle English
1476 Printing Press
1500-1700 Early Modern English
1707 Act of Union
1700- now Modern Day English
Zuletzt geändertvor einem Jahr