haloalkanes and halophenol

It is carried out in the presence of HNO3, HIO3 to oxidise HI or it will be reversed

They are characteristic reactions of unsaturated compounds

Ethanol is the only primary alcohol to give a Positive Iodoform Test

Ethanal is the only Aldehyde to give positive

Iodoform Test

Groups possessing two nucleophilic centres

In this reaction the incoming nucleophile interacts with the Alkyl Halide causing carbon-halide bond to break with new bond is being formed by the Nucleophile, the carbon attacked inverts while leaving group is pushed away causing Inversion of Configuration

It is Bimolecular,Single Step

It follows Second Order kinetics

Rate of this reaction depends on both reactant and nucleophile

Attack will be always from rear side

1°>2°>3°>benzylic

First the carbon-halide bond undergoes slow cleavage to produce carbocation and a halogen ion. The carbocation formed is attacked by the Nucleophile.

It is aUnimolecular, Two step reaction

It follows First Order of Kinetics

The attack can be from any side

There is retention as well as inversion of Configuration

Benzyliz>1°>2°>3°

Grignard's Reagent are highly reactive and react with any source of proton to give hydrocarbons

1.Partiacl double bond between carbon and halogen due to resonance

2.The carbon attached to halogen is sp2 hyberdised unlike the carbon in haloalkane which is sp3, greater s-character makes it more electronegative holding electron pair of C-X bond more tightly

3.As the phenyl cation formed will not be stabalised by resonance,therefore SN1 is ruled out

4.It is less likely for a electron rich Nucleophile to approach electron rich arenes because of the repulsion

Presence of an electron withdrawing group(NO2) at ortho,para-positions

Because of the -I effect of the halogen atom, it has some tendency to withdraw electrons from the benzene ring, somewhat deactivating it.

1.It is used as:

Paint remover

Propellant in aerosl

Process solvent in manufacture of drugs

Metal Cleaning

It harms human's nervous system

Exposure to low levels of it in air can slightly impaired hearing and vision

High levels of it in air causes dizziness, nausea, tingling and numbness in fingers

Direct skin contact causes intense burning and mild redness of the skin

Direct contact with eyes can burn the cornea

It is used as:

Solvent of fats,alkanoids,iodine and other substance

Production of the freon refrigerant R-22

Was used as anaesthetic

Inhaling it depresses central nervous system

Inhaling 900ppm of it for a short time causes dizziness, fatigue and headache

Chronic exposure of it may cause damage to liver, kidneys

Some people develop sores when their skin is immersed in it