What is the definition of Learning?
= change of future behaviour
Learning is the process by which we acquire knowledge about the world (Kandel et al., 2000).
Learning refers to a more or less permanent change in behavior which occurs as a result of practice (Kimble, 1961).
➢ Can be conscious or subconscious.
What are different forms of learning?
Simple forms:
➢ Non-associative learning: changes in responsiveness to a stimulus
➢ Stimulus response learning: learning to perform a particular behaviour when a particular stimulus is present.
➢ Perceptual learning: learning to recognize a particular stimulus
➢ Motor learning: learning to make a new response
➢ Complex learning: relational learning, observational learning, episodic learning, imprinting.
What is the definition of non-associative learning?
➢ Sensory organ, central nervous system, muscle.
➢ Changes in responsiveness to a single stimulus over time.
Habituation
Sensitization
What is the definition of Habituation?
➢ Decline in the response that was initially elicited by a stimulus.
➢ Sensory adaption: sensory receptor cells to become less responsiveness.
➢ Response fatigue: muscles become incapacitated by fatigue
➢ Dishabituation: recovery in responsiveness to an already habituated stimulus.
What is the definition of Sensitization?
➢ Response to a stimulus becomes stronger after exposure to a different (threatening) stimulus.
What is associative learning?
Classical conditioning
➢ Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behaviour.
What is classical conditioning?
In classical conditioning, a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally produces a behaviour (unconditioned response, UR). As a result of this association, the previously neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) and elicit the same response (conditioned response, or CR).
Pavlov`s dog
little Albert and fluffy things
What are the principles of classical conditioning
CS= conditioned stimulus; US= unconditioned stimulus
➢ Acquisition: initial stage of learning, when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.
➢ Extinction: gradual decrease in response to a CS that occurs when the stimulus is presented without reinforcement.
➢ Spontaneous recovery: unexpected reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a period of rest or time without reinforcement.
➢ Stimulus generalisation: tendency for a learned response to occur in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. Degree of similarity determines the strength of the generalized response.
➢ Stimulus discrimination: ability to differentiate between a specific CS and other similar stimuli and respond selectively to the specific CS.
What are arrangements of conditiones stimuli and unconditioned stimuli?
➢ Forward conditioning: CS is presented before US.
➢ Delay conditioning: overlap of CS and US.
➢ Trace conditioning: no overlap between CS and US
➢ Simultaneous conditioning: CS and US are presented and terminated at the same time.
➢ Backward conditioning: US is consistently presented before CS (conditioned inhibitor)
What is the definition of the memory? Which parts are distinguished?
➢ Memory is the process by which that knowledge of the world is encoded, stored, and later retrieved (Kandel, 2001).
➢ Complex cognitive/mental process.
Explicit vs Implicit memory
What is the explicit memory?
➢ Declarative memory.
➢ Conscious and intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts (Schacter and Graf, 1985).
What is the implicit memory?
➢ Non-declaritive memory
➢ Memory for information that is expressed unconsciously or automatically via facilitated performance on a related task (Schacter, 1987).
Which are the different phases of the memory?
➢ Sensory memory: stores sensory impression that only last a few seconds
➢ Stort-term memory (STM): usually last only for minutes or throughout rehearsal
➢ Intermediate-term memory (ITM): outlasts STM, but is also not permanent
➢ Long-term memory (LTM): lasts for days, years or lifetime
What are the processes in the memory?
➢ Encoding: Acquisition of information (learning).
➢ Storage: Maintaining information (consolidation).
➢ Retrieval: Recalling information.
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