What is mastitis?
Infection of breast tissue
Mention the 2 types of mastitis
Acute mastitis
Fat necrosis
What is the most common infecting organism in acute mastitis?
Staphylococcus aureus
Mention some microscopic features of acute mastitis
Acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation
Abscess formation
A discrete lesion or palpable mass with calcification on mammography suggests which breast disease?
Name some microscopic changes in fat necrosis
Hemosiderin deposits
Fibrosis with calcification
What are fibrocystic changes?
They are a group of very common benign changes that occur in the breast in a female of reproductive age
What are the 2 classifications of fibrocystic changes?
Proliferative
Non proliferative
What is the most common clinical feature of fibrocystic change?
It produces a palpable mass or nodularity
Mention some of the morphology or histological types of fibrocystic changes
Fibrosis
Cysts formation
Apocrine Metaplasia
Sclerosing adenosis
Microcalcifications
Epithelial Hyperplasia:
Ductal Hyperplasia (Atypical or usual)
Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia
How is Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia differentiated from Ductal carcinoma In situ(DCIS)?
On the basis of microscopic extent
How is Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia differentiated from Lobular carcinoma In Situ(LCIS)
On the basis of the percentage of acini involved
How is Sclerosing adenosis distinguished from carcinoma histologically?
By the preservation of the myoepithelial layer
Which of the histological types of fibrocystic changes are non proliferative?
Apocrine metaplasia
Which of the histological types of the fibrocystic changes are proliferative?
Sclerosing Adenosis
What does Sclerosing adenosis mean? Hardening
Hardening of glands in the breast
Name the types of benign neoplasm of the breast
Fibroadenoma
Intralobular papilloma
Phyllodes tumor(cystosarcoma Phyllodes)
What is the most common type of benign breast tumor and which age group does it affect?
Age group: women below 35 years of age
Which of the benign breast tumor is characterized by a palpable, round, movable, rubbery mass?
Which benign breast tumor is characterized microscopically by increased stroma cellularity, clefts lined by epithelium, stromal overgrowth and irregular margins?
Phyllodes tumor
There is a presentation of a bloody nipple discharge in this type of breast tumor….
Intraductal papilloma
This type of tumor causes benign papillary growth within lactiferous ducts or sinuses……
What is the most common cancer in women?
Breast carcinoma
Mention some risk factors of breast cancer
Age
Unusually long or intense exposure to estrogens
Presence of proliferative fibrocystic changes especially atypical hyperplasia
First degree relative with breast cancer
What types of genes are involved in breast cancer?
BRCA1 (chromosome 17q21)
BRCA2 (chromosome 13q12.3)
TP53 germ line mutation (Li Fraumeni syndrome)
Which region of the breast is breast cancer most commonly found?
Upper Outer Quadrant
What is the gross appearance of a breast cancer?
Stellate, white-than, gritty mass
Mention some clinical presentations of breast cancer
Mammographicc calcifications or architectural distortion
Palpable solitary painless mass
Nipple retraction or skin dimpling
Fixation of breast tissue to the chest wall
Mention the preinvasive breast cancer
Ductal carcinoma In situ (DCIS)
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
What characteristic distinguishes preinvasive lesions from their invasive counterparts?
Preservation of the myoepithelial cell layer
What is the most common form of breast cancer?
Invasive (infiltrating) Ductal carcinoma
Mention the microscopic feature of invasive Ductal carcinoma
Tumor cells forming ducts within a desmoplastic stroma
Invasive Ductal carcinoma are ER/PR positive. True or False
True
Which breast cancer type is characterized by small bland tumor cells forming a single file pattern?
Invasive Lobular carcinoma
Which of the follwing invasive carcinomas overexpress HER2?
Which breast carcinoma is characterized microscopically by clusters of bland tumor cells floating within pools of mucin
Mucinous (colloid) carcinoma
Which breast carcinoma is characterized microscopically by pleomorphic tumor cells forming syncytial groups surrounded by a dense lymphocytic host response?
Medullary Carcinoma
Hormone receptors are postive for medullary Carcinoma True or Flasefalsr
False
The carcinoma where there is tumor invasion into the dermal lymphatic with resulting lymphatic edema
Inflammatory carcinoma
What factors influences the prognosis of breast cancer?
Axillary lymph node status
Size of tumor
Histological type and grade of tumor
ER/PR receptor status
Overexpression of HER2/neu
What term is uses when the thickened skin resembles an orange peel
Peau d’orange
Which carcinoma is associated with mammary page disease
Invasive or in situ Ductal carcinoma
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