Alkene -> Alkyl hydrogensulphate:
Reagent =
Mechanism =
Conc H2SO4
Electrophilic addition
What does base hydrolysis produce and what does this therefore mean it can’t do?
Produces alcohol and carboxylate salt so can’t be used to produce COOH from esters
Alkyl Hydrogensulphate -> Alcohol:
Conditions =
Type of reaction =
H2O
Warm
Hydrolysis
Alcohol -> Ketone:
Ragent =
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Heat
Oxidation
Ketone -> Alcohol:
NaBH4
Aqueous
Nucleophilic addition
Reduction
Ketone -> 2-hydroxynitrile:
KCN then dilute acid
Reflux
Alkene -> Alcohol:
H20 & Conc H3PO4
High temp and pressure
Alcohol -> Alkene:
Mechnism =
Elimination
Alcohol -> Aldehyde:
Heat and distillation
Aldehyde -> Alcohol:
Aldehyde -> 2-hydroxynitrile:
Aldehyde -> Carboxylic Acid:
Alkene -> Alkane:
H2
Ni catalyst
Hydrogenation
Alkane -> Halogenalkane:
X2
UV Light
Free radical substitution
Alkene -> Halogenalkane:
HX
Electrophilic substitution
Halogenalkane -> Alkene:
KOH
Alcoholic, reflux
Halogenalkane -> Alcohol:
NaOH
Nucleophilic substitution
Halogenalkane -> Nitrile:
KCN
Alcoholic and aqueous
Halogenalkane -> Amine:
NH3
Excess
Nitrile -> Amine:
OR
LiAlH4
Ether
Alcohol -> Ester:
COOH
Conc H2SO4 catalyst
Esterification
Ester -> Alcohol:
H20
H2SO4 catalyst
Acid hydrolysis
Base hydrolysis
Carboxylic acid -> Ester:
Alcohol
Ester -> Carboxylic acid:
Acyl Chloride -> Ester:
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Acylation
Acyl Chloride -> Carboxylic acid:
Acyl Chloride -> Amide:
NH3 or amine
Amine -> Amide:
Acyl chloride and acid anhydride
Amine -> Quaternary Ammonium Salt:
Halogenalkane
In excess
Zuletzt geändertvor einem Jahr