Which organisms produce natural products?
plants
fungi
bacteria
animals
marine organsims
humans ?
Name exmples for natural procusts produces by plants.
cocaine (anesthetic)
capsaicin (Chili/Paprika—>heat effect—> paintreatment)
colchicine (aus Blume für Behandlung von Gicht)
Name exmples for natural procusts produces by fungi.
lysergic acid (LSD)
α-Amanitin (toxic)
Gibberellin (killingp plants)
Name exmples for natural procusts produces by bacteria.
Eryrthromycin A
Doxorubicin
Fosfomycin
Name exmples for natural procusts produces by animals.
Pederin (vesicant toxin from beetles)
Name exmples for natural procusts produces by marine organsims.
Cytarabine
Abyssomycin
Maitotoxin
Does Humans produce natural products?
often not essentail für life —> secondary metabolite like testosterone
steps are similar to the steps made by microorganims
couple of kg bacterial mass in our body —> they are producing a lot of products neccessarry for humans
How can you classify natural products?
antibacterial
antifungal
anticancer
analgesics
antiviral
immunosuppressive
What for are natural products needes besides medical purposes?
food production
—> agricultur: plant and animal prodection during grwoing them
cosmetic smells
food flavours
chlothe —> fabric, color, …
Name examples for antibacterial natural products.
penicillin
oxytetracycline
pleuromutilin
Name examples for antifungal natural products.
Strobilurin A
Name examples for anitcancer natural products.
Vincristine
Bleomycin
Name examples for analgesics natural products. (Schmerzmittel)
morphine
epibatidine
tetrodotoxin
Name examples for anitviral natural products.
Cytidine triphosphate
Name examples for immunosuppresive natural products.
cyclosporine
raramycin
What are the main four familes of natrual products and what are they derived from?
Polyketides - derived from carboxylic acids startet units and malonyl extender units
Alkaloids - derived from amino acids and have at least one basic nitrogen
Terpens - derived from C5 isoprene units
Peptides - derived from amino acids
Name examples for polyketides.
Name examples for Alkaloids.
Name examples for Terpenes.
Name axamples for Peptides.
What are other known families for natural products.
Oligosaccharides
Nucleosides
Shikimates/Phenylpropanoids
mixed metabolites
What are primary and secondary metabolites.
Primary metabolites
essential compounds produced by an organism as part of its normal growth, development, and reproduction
include basic molecules such as amino acids, nucleotides, and primary energy carriers like ATP
Secondary metabolites
are organic compounds that are not directly involved in the essential processes of growth and development
often serve specialized functions such as defense, communication, or attraction
Examples include antibiotics, alkaloids, and pigments
What are the four families of secondary metabolism.
alkaloids
polyketides
terpenes
nonribosomal peptides — derived from standard and non standard amio acids
Why is it important that the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolits are clusterd (close to each other and contiguous)
—> important because it means that the entire gene cluster can be transferred between organsims
What does mono- and multifunctioal means?
mono - catalyze singel chemical reation
mulit- catalysing a sequence of reactions
what are the houskeeping genes?
genes for primary metabolism
What are the two key phases of most biosynthetic pathways?
first phase:
construction of the carbon skeleton
by multifuctional synthase
using simple components and simple chmistry
second phase:
tailoring
comprises many individual steps
catalysed by many individual enzymes
each in turn encodes by many single genes
What steps does tailoring includes?
rearrangements
redox reactions
cyclisations
alkylations
What happens befor the Synthase-Step of building the sekelton and what happens after the tailoring step?
before:
primary metabolites are made
after:
export
modification by other organisms
chemical modification
What are the cofactors used for all the steps?
NADPH
O2
SAM
FAD
Heme ATP
Fe/S
αKG
Which domains make up the Polyketidsynthase (PKS)?
acyltransferase (AT)
acyl-carrier protein (ACP)
ketosynthase (KS)
ketoreductase (KR)
Dehydrase domain (DH)
Enoyl-reductase (ER)
Thioesterase (TE)
What are the primary metabolites for the PKS?
Acetyl-CoA
Malonyl-CoA
Explain the general proces of the polyketide synthesis and explain the function of every domain.
Acyl-transferase-domain (AT)
selects the correct thiolester —> Acetyl-CoA or Malonyl-CoA
Acyl-carrier-protein (ACP)
take Acetyl-Coa from the AT and transferases to ketosynthetase domain
kethosynthetase domain (KS)
carries the first Acetly-CoA group
claisen condensation occours -> Acetyl-CoA got attaced by thoesterateenolate
the chain is growing
contains an NADPH part that reduces the double bound oxygen of the keton to an alcohole
dehydrase domain - DH
converts alcohole to an alkine
release of water
enoyl-reductase
reduce alkine to single bond chain by using NADPH
thioesterase
release module
What are the tailoring domains?
KR
DH
ER
what distinguishes the fatty acid syntheses from the polyketid syntheses?
carbonyl groups does not get eleminated completly
partial tailoring
PKS can use a variety of starter units
cyclization possible at the end
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