How to determine the electrone configuration? Example Nitrogen
What equals to the atomic number?
the charge
How many electrones can carry one orbital?
2
What is the consequene of an electrone loss?
c
ationic species
What is the consequene of an electrone gain?
anionic species
What is a proton, hydrogen atom and a hydride?
Proton —> H+ (source of acid catalysis)
Hydrogen —> H • (can react in radical reaction)
Hydride —> H:- (is strongly basic, nucleophilic and reducing agent)
How to determine the hybridisation of a hybride orbital.
groups attached
Hybridisation
1
s
sp
3
sp2
4
sp3
How does multiple bonds effect the hybridisation?
double bond ≙ 1 group
triple bond ≙ 1 group
lone e-pair ≙ 1 group
What are σ- and π-bonds?
σ: all single bond
π: only double and triple bonds
What does bond and anti-bond mean?
bond: stabilizing interaction between two atoms (decrease energy)
antibond: destabilizing interaction between two atoms (increase energy)
—> for every bond that is formed, an antibond is formed
What geometric arrangement do sp, sp2 and sp3 orbitals have?
sp orbitals are linear
sp2 orbitals are trigonal planar
sp3 orbitals are tetrahedral
What hybridisation does linear molecules, trigonal planar molecules and tetrahedral molecules have?
linear molecules (alkynes) are sp hybridises
trigonal planar molecules are sp2 hybridises
tetrahedral molecules are sp3 hybridised
What are good leaving groups?
Cl, Br, I, F
Molecules with lone pairs of electrones are_____________?
nucelophiles
molecules eith H attached to good leaving groups are __________?
acids
molecules with lone pair electrons which react with H+ are _________?
bases
characterize nucleophiles, electrophiles , acids, bases.
nucleophile - lone pair e- , sp3>sp2>sp
electrophile - carbonyl, imine, R-X when X= Cl, Br, I
acid - H is attached to goo leaving group
base - lone pair e- sp3>sp2>sp
learn the list of nucleophiles and the characteristics.
What does curly arrows mean?
—> represent the reaction mechanisms
tail starts at a pait of electrons (usally lop or a bond)
head finishes in the empty orbital or on an atom
What does the following abbreviations stand for
methyl
ethyl
propyl
isopropyl
butyl
isobutyl
tertioybutyl
penyl
benzyl
acetly
benzoyl
what does primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary carbon means?
primary carbon (1°)
3 H attached
1 C attached
secondary carbon (2°)
2 H attached
2 C attached
tertiary carbon (3°)
1 H attached
3 C attached
quaternary carbon (4°)
0 H attached
4 C atttached
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