Altklausur Fragen

• (B) Echoviruses

• (C) Hepatitis A virus

• (D) Enterovirus 71

CHECK!

The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is not present in retroviruses, which use reverse transcriptase (RT) to convert their RNA genome into DNA during the replication process. Therefore, retroviruses, such as HIV-1, do not contain RdRp within the virio

Parvovirus

Parvoviridae

Die Endung ‚-viridae' ist die Standard-Endung für Virusfamilien.

epithelial cells (differentiated keratinocytes). They are located in the skin

(A) Epstein Barr virus (EBV)

(C) Primer for DNA replication

v-Src is a gene found in Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) that encodes a tyrosine kinase that causes a type of cancer in chickens.

The src gene is oncogenic as it triggers uncontrolled growth in abnormal host cells.

• high mutation rate of RNA viruses (RNAP does not have proofreading)

• Recombination events/reassortment

These agents can be used against hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex, and HIV. 

A quasispecies is a population of similar, not identical genomes.

A viral quasispecies is a population structure of viruses with a large number of variant genomes (related by mutations). Quasispecies result from high mutation rates as mutants arise continually and change in relative frequency as viral replication and selection proceeds

The cap structure at the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNAs is required for initiation of transcription /translation/DNAreplication. The IRES allows initiation of this process in the absence of the promoter / Cap structure l origin of replication. The IRES is a protein /RNA / DNA structure.

(a) false

(b) false

C) True

D) true

E) F

F)F

C) it exhibits a 5' internal ribosomal entry site;

D) it exhibits a 5' genome linked protein (VPg protein);

A,C,E

D) RNA-dependend RNA polymerase

D, E

• A microplate is coated with an antigen derived from the virus of interest. This antigen is immobilized onto the surface of the wells.

• Patient serum, which may contain antibodies specific to the virus, is added to the wells. If present, virus-specific antibodies in the serum will bind to the immobilized viral antigen.

• Unbound components are washed away to remove any nonspecific interactions.

• A secondary antibody, which is specific to human antibodies and is linked to an enzyme (e.g., horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase), is added. This secondary antibody recognizes and binds to the antibodies from the patient that are already bound to the viral antigen.

• Excess detection antibody is washed away.

• A substrate specific for the enzyme is added. The enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces a measurable color change.

• The color change is measured spectrophotometrically. The intensity of the color is proportional to the amount of virus-specific antibodies present in the patient's serum.

A: waterbirds

B: rodents

pol

pol

pol

env region

Gag (Group-Specific Antigen):

• Gag encodes structural proteins that are essential for the formation of the viral particle. The major proteins produced from the Gag region include:

Pol (Polymerase):

• Pol encodes the viral enzymes involved in replication and processing of the viral genome.

• Env (Envelope):

  • Env encodes the viral envelope glycoproteins involved in the entry of the virus into host cells. The major proteins produced from the Env region include:

  • Surface glycoprotein (SU): Also known as gp120, this protein is involved in binding to the host cell receptor.

  • Transmembrane glycoprotein (TM): Also known as gp41, this protein is involved in the fusion of the viral and cellular membranes during entry.

B+ D

parenteral: Gabe von Arzneistoffen oder Nährstoffen durch Injektion, Infusion oder Inhalation in den Blutkreislauf unter Umgehung der enteralen Resorption

mRNA function—> can directly be translated

a) C)

b) D)

c) C)

d) C)

A) B)

A

B

C

D

B + C

B —> C —> D —> A —> E

Tat

RNA

TAR

A

Exons

Splicing

RNA editing

• protection of RNA

• compensation negative charge

• cell tropism

• interaction of proteins

e)

a)

c)

b)

b)

Or rather vertebrates ?

RNA Viren —> keine Prüfmechanismen

a, b, e

a, c, d

poxviridae

*same cell

a9

5’ end

primer transfer

Virion maturation is a process that takes place after separation of the viral infectious particle from host cell by budding or sealing of spherical capsid. It consist in irreversible rearangement and/or cleavage of viral proteins that are activating the virion to be competent for reinfection.

C D

B

B

C

C

A B D

B , D

C

A C F

Ribosomal frameshifting

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), sometimes less precisely called immune enhancement or disease enhancement, is a phenomenon in which binding of a virus to suboptimal antibodies enhances its entry into host cells, followed by its replication.[

The suboptimal antibodies can result from natural infection or from vaccination. ADE may cause enhanced respiratory disease, but is not limited to respiratory disease.[3] It has been observed in HIV, RSV virus and Dengue virus and is monitored for in vaccine development.[4]

C

is an infectious disease of humans caused by a pathogen (an infectious agent, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite or prion) that can jumpfrom a non-human (usually a vertebrate) to a human and vice versa.[1][2][3]

A, C, F

PB1, PB2, PA

Cap snatching

A, D, F

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a unique virus because it replicates its genome through a reverse transcription process. Unlike most DNA viruses, HBV has a partially double-stranded DNA genome that is replicated via an RNA intermediate through the action of a reverse transcriptase enzyme. Here's a brief explanation of why HBV uses reverse transcriptase:

• The HBV genome is converted into an RNA intermediate known as pregenomic RNA (pgRNA).

F

C, D

Eher b und c

A, C

D)

A,B,C

a: water birds

b: rodent

B)

Baltimore classification is a system used to classify viruses based on their manner of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis.

A, B; D

A, D, E

A, D