Syntax

VP, NP, AdjP, etc.

Subject, Verb, Object

• open class (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, full verbs, copular verbs) -> offen für Neuwortbildungen

• closed inventory -> keine Entlehnungen (primary verbs, modal verbs, determiners, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions)

• additional classes -> numerals and interjections

• word of unique function -> Negativpartikel (not) und Infinitivmarker (to)

  
  

• full verbs -> run, cook

• primary verbs -> do, be, have (sowohl alleine als auch mit aux. -> Zeitform)

• auxiliaries -> should, could, etc. (nur mit full verb)

be, become, seem

immer mit Cs/Cx (I am a teacher

the, a, some (his book -> dtm)

the first/only auxiliary that comes first in a question (Do they often go abroad?)

• endocentric (VP, NP, AdjP, AdvP) vs. exocentric (PrepP)

• Funktionen der Phrasenstruktur

  • Determination (dtm) -> definit, indefinit, partitive, universell

  • Modification (premod/postmod)

  • Complementation (Adj -> easy to understand)

NP -> dtm + prem. + head + postm. S, O, Cs, Co, Oprep, A + modifier

VP -> aux + main verb V

AdjP -> prem. + head + postm. + complement Co, Cs

AdvP -> prem. + head + postm. A

PrepP -> prep + PrepC A, Cs (on, to, at, of, near, by, in, out, for)

V

S -> NP, pronoun, clause

O -> Od (wen, was? -> NOP, clause), Oi (Wem? Vor Od -> NP, PP, clause), Oprep (prep vor O)

C -> Cs (bezieht sich auf S -> NP, AdjP), Co (bezieht sich auf O -> AdjP, NP, clause)

A -> time, place, reason, manner,…

immer A: PrepP

joining clauses of equal syntactic status

-> conjoints -> z.B. PP conjoint (by air or by rail) oder N conjoint (his son and daughter)

joining main and subordinate clause -> complex sentence (no head, has S+V)

-> finite, non-finite & verbless clauses

clause becomes constituent of a phrase (postmod NP) -> has a head!

=> Teil einer Phrase! z.B. noun phrase My father who was in the army didn’t come today. My father who was in the army = NP, dann zweite Ebene, relative clause

• Nominal that-clause (subordinate)

  In positions where you normally find a noun/ S, Od, Cs

  I’d forgotten that you’d rung somebody up

  It (Sformal) is a disgrace (Cs) that one in... (Snotional) -> Extrapositon

• Attributive that-clause (embedded) Follow a NP head like answer, belief, demand, fact, feeling, knowledge, news, proposal, statement

  {The fact (head) that English is relatively easy to learn} makes it a good language.

1. (introd. by interr. pronoun (like, what) or if/ whether -> after ask/ tell/ doubt/ know/ explain)

   • Nominal (sub.)

     S, Od, Cs -> What to do on NYE (S) has not yet been decided

   • Attributive (emb.)

     Postm. A NP-head -> We weren’t given (any information about {where it was} Od)

(Subobordinate, before main cl. -> Comma! Otherwise not -> subordinative conjunction!!!)

• Subordinative conjunctions-> because, although, so that, as soon as, when, before, ...)

1. Since they had broken up last week (A: adv-cl), she didn’t feel confident

• Main clause (consequence) + conditional subordinate clause

  If we run out of steaks (= Areason), we might put sausgage on

• Attributive (embedded, postmofidy a NP head & has an antecedent) + who, which, that

  • Defining: necessary for understanding, that, no comma, Rel pron. Can be left out

    This is {the problem (head) which we’re heaving at the moment} (Cs)

  • Non-defining: not necessary for understanding, no that,comma, rel.Pronoun cannot be left out There’s Portugal, there’s Las Palmas, which is one of the canary islands, and there’s Rhodes.

• Nominal (subordinate, S or O, no antecedent -> is within them (whoever, wherever) Whoever told you that (S) was wrong.

• Sentential (Main cl. + subo. A -> sentence commenting adverbial! No antecedent, comma + which)

  He looked like a student, which in fact he was (A).

I love you {more deeply than I can say} -> AdjP