Paulleit

Landscape can be considered as spatial mosaic of ecosystems.

Patches: (Inseln) Elements that look like islands in the landscape (settlements, woodland,…)

Corridors: linear elements like roads, railways, streams,…

Matrix: background to the patches and corridors (e.g. farmland)

• Result of natural and anthropogenous processes

• are changing (gradually, suddenly or catastrophically)

• are open systems

• are heterogenous (vertically: atmosphere, hydrosphere, litosphere,… /

  horizontally: woodland, fields, urban,…)

• superimposed patterns in a temporal perspective (Überlagert)

Landscapes are a result of the interaction between the physical and natural environment (soil, flora, fauna, climate) and present and past social and cultural factors (land use, settlement, other human activities)

Anthropogenous (Farming, Settlements, Streets, …) -> e.g. From Woodland to Cultural Land

Natural (Wind, Water, Fire, Radiation, Vulcanos,….)

-> Landscapes are heterognous

Planning is the mental anticipation of future action. Use of knowledge for decicion making.

In our pluralistic society we have many different groups with many different priorities and interests. This leads to problems in planning processes that seem to be unsolveable.

Stakeholder and public involvement is especially relevant when interests diverge and scientific knowledge regarding the problem is uncertain.

• Municipality (planning authority has the legal mandate to provide general interest services)

• Landscape Planner (plan author prepares plan on behalf of municipality)

• Citizens and NGO´s (Provide local knowledge and participate inplanning process)

• Sector agencies (contribute to specify the planning task and provide needful informations)

Characteristics of formal procedures:

• Public authority needs to involve public by law

• results in administrative or political decission

Characteristics of informal procedures:

• less top-down -> legitimacy

• voluntary participation for wider support

• focus on discourse and dialogue with public (may also enhance plan quality)

• role shift from decision-maker to discourse leader

• can help reduce resistence from public against the measure

• Information: knowledge about current and planned ecological and aesthetic state of landscape for decicion makers and public (potentials and conflicts)

• Conceptualisation: how can certain goals be achieved? measures and strategies

• Contribution: contributes to comprehensive spatial planning, what requirements do we have in other sectors (infrastructure, forestry, agriculture)

• Coordination: coordinates activities for conserving, managing and developing landscapes

• Participation: involves key actors (authorities and public)

• clear objectives

• reference to concrete action

• knowledge

• creativity

• communication and coordination

• systematic approach

Outcome Objectives (Ergebnis Orientiert):

• Increasing public awareness

• More transparent

• higher acceptance and commitment

• support for action plan

  
  

Process Objectives (Prozess Orientiert):

• new knowledge and local perspective

• improving quality

• identify conflicts

• reduce (long-term) costs

• more effective implementation

• time consuming

• costly

• may increase rather than reduce dissaftisfaction (when final decision can not really be influenced by participants)

• can increase the influence of groups that are not necessarily representative

• can result in inefficiency

=> It doesn´t solve every problem !!!!!

• Habitat destruction

• Change in kind and/or intensity of agricultural land use (also forests)

• biotic factors (intrusion of alien species)

• alterations of site conditions (disturbance of natural dynamic due to fertiliser and pesticides)

Biodiversity is the variability of all living organsims (terrestrial, aquatic, marine,…) and the variability of ecosystems and habitats.

=> The totality of genes, species and ecosystems of a region

Habitat function is the capability of a landscape to provide suitable space for living and reproduction of wild plants and animals. Each species should be able to survive indefinitly.

Welche wilden Pflanzen und Tiere gibt es? In welchen Habitaten/Biotopen leben sie?

(Goods and services: Maintainance of biological and genetic diversity)

1) Delineation (Abgrenzung)

2) Description: habitat type, characteristic species, impacts / conditions, suggestion for management and protection

3) Map

On type level (habitat):

• Rarity

• Threat / Endangerment

• Legal Status

• Naturalness

On object level (Individual):

• Occurrence and abundance of endangered species

• Size of populations / habitat area

• Habitat continuity (temporal)

• Functional connectedness (biotop network)

4 different environments:

1) Protective environment: natural, self-regulating development, regeneration of recources, aesthetic and recreational qualities

2) Productive environment: human creation for max. production, needs maintainance, may disturb ecosystems

3) Urban-Industrial environment

4) Compromise environment

Problem: Protective and Productive can not really be mixed in one ecosystem

Solutions:

• Seperate land into highly productive or protective ecosystems (Segregation)

• Compromise between production rate and environmental quality (Integration)

The problem that occurs is, that we can only implement on plan for on landscpae.

Often this plan is not a win in every aspect. Different animals/people/plants/… have different needs and some may interact with each other.

Therefore its necessary to identify all synergies and trad-offs/conflict and find the best possible solution!

To do so, individual plans can be made and combined. -> VIsualisation of possible conflicts

But a priority setting is needed!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ecosystem services are any positive benefits that wildlife or ecosystems provide to people.

The higher the biodiversity, the higher the ecosystem services.

e.g. more plants -> more transpiration -> more cooling

e.g. monoculture -> less deep roots -> soil erosion

e.g. one year cows on a field -> more nutrients -> higher yield

Type of development project and its characteristics: (e.g. wind park):

• hight, size and speed of the rotors -> collision risk?

• Blade visibility (dependant on speed)

• Position lights (might attract birds)

• Arrangement of turbines respecting flight paths (dense arangement appears like solid obstacle)

• constructional and operational effects

Impacts on the animals (e.g. birds):

• Collision (Rotors, Tower, Associated structures)

• Displacement due to disturbance (Noise, Vision, Vibration)

• Habitat changes and losses

• Barrier effects

Site characteristics (Kind and sensitivity of affected site)

• What species do we have, what are their breeding and migration periodes?

• Flight paths

• habitats and interruptions

• visual aesthetic quality

• Excavations / landfills

• Mineral extraction

• Masts

• Construction of buildings and traffic areas outside of settlement areas

• Drainage of wetlands

• Removal of hedgerows

• Advertising outside settlement areas

• Morphology (size, wingloading,…)

• Sensorial perception (field of view)

• Behavior and sesonal variations (Breeding and mitigation periods)

• start from the very beginning

• focus on significant impacts

• involve local communities and other stakeholders

• Environmental Management Plan

• should be linked to follow-up management (someone needs to take care about the compensations areas)

Avoid:

• increase visibility

• increase density

• Ground devices to raise birds awareness

• scare birds away with noise

Compensation:

• enhancing bird population (no net loss) with habitat management, predator control,…

  
  

• Loss of highly productive farming land

• Destruction or fragmentation of habitats

• Increase of car dependancy

• less open space -> longer distances to recreational areas

• decay of inner city areas, social segegation

78 % more space

• Ecological footprint

• quality of life

• climate change

• Compact -> Energy efficient (A/V Verhältnis)

• Green -> Climate resilient (Urban-Heat_Island, Sponge-City)

30 - 60%

more than 9000 animal and plant species

• Sealed 34 %

• Trees and shrubs 17%

• Blue spaces e.g. Isar

• Riverbank green

• Community gardens e.g. Kleingarten

• Building greens e.g balcony, facades, roofs,…

• parks and recreational areas e.g Englischer Garten

• aggricultural land

• private, commercial, industrial and insitutional green spaces

• Natural, semi-natural and feral areas e.g. Perlacher Forst

City park

Connectivity:

• spatial connectivity

• functional connectivity (social, ecological, abiotic)

Multifunctionality:

• wide range of ecosystem services (ecological, socio-cultural, economical)

• combining different functions to enhance the capacity of urban greenery

• Relationships need to be known!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (synergies and conflicts)

Green-Grey-Integration:

• we do not want to return back to nature, we need to finde an compromise

Social inclusion:

• Convince private land owners -> important for making changes

• Open planning processes that includes all (enhancement and acceptance)

• Including vulnerable groups

• Try to make everyone happy

• 89 l of oxygen production

• 33 kWh cooling due to transpiration

• 160 kg carbon storrage

• …

  
  

• Reduce land consumption (goal from 60 to 30 hectares a day by 2020)

• Intensive agriculture (pollution, soil erosion and compaction, water consupmtion for irrigation, habitat destruction)

• Regenerative energy and renewable raw materials (site selection, …)

• Loss of biodiversity

• Climate protection, mitigation and adaptation (settlements, urban green spaces, watermanagement and flood protection)

• Human health and wellbeing (social, sport, recreation)

• Increase social environmental justice (equal distribution and good accessability)

Term originally discribed a limited unit of land that is occupied / inhabited by a organized group of people.