Describe the anatomical planes and positions of the brain
Planes
Positions
Cranial nerves vs spinal nerves
How much overall energy is need by the brain
20%
Structure of neurons
Cell body =soma
Soma surrounded by dendrites
Axon surround by glial cells (in CNS) and schwann cells (in PNS)
Axon mylenated for insulation to prevent short circuit
Describe the primary visual cortex
V1
Aka striated cortex or area 17
Posterior pole of occipital lobe
Calcarine fissure
Connections to HPL (area 18, V2) and area 19 V3
Structure of brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Colliculi
2 pairs of nuclei at back of midbrain
Superior- input from ret& saccadic eye mvt
Inferior- auditory Pathway
Structure and func of Cerebellum
2 hemispheres
3 lobes: anterior, posterior, flocculonodular
Thinner cortex than cerebrum
Grey matter
Posture, coorod, motor mvt, balance, speech
Hind brain
Limbic system
Emotion, behaviour, learning, long term mem
Sense of smell (olfaction) - cranial nerve 1
Pathway of CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) and func
Lat ventricle
Interventricular foramina
3rd ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
Central canal (in spinal cord)
Provides nutrients
maintain constant pressure
Protects neural tissues from toxins and pathogens
What are the meninges
3 layers of tissue which wrap brain and spinal cord
Prevents unwanted sub entry to brain (bld brain barrier)
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
Meningitis =inflammation of meninges- causes raises ICP
Bld supply to brain
ICA + Basilar vertebral artery form Circle of Willis
3 pairs of cerebral art exit circle to supply brain
Describe the cranial nerve nuclei
Connected to other nuclei via tracts (axons/white matter)
Cranial nerve nuclei start or end of cranial nerve
Name the cranial nerves
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal accessory
Hypoglossal
CNS VS PNS
CNS- Brain +spinal cord. Controls vision processing
PNS - nerves that have left spinal cord
Neuron subclasses
Motor-efferent ( away from brain)
Relay
Sensory-afferent (to brain)
Activation of neurons
Stimulus received
If stimulus greater than threshold potential, action potential generated
Neurotransmitters released
Diffuse across synapse
Brind to receptors on post synaptic neuron
Sensory inputs and motor outputs
Inputs
Touch, pain, temp
Sight
Smell
Hearing
Taste
Proprioception(location)
Vestibulation ( balance)
Outputs
Voluntary ( somatic)- skeletal msc
Involuntary (autonomic)- msc glands
PNS VS SNS
PNS- rest and digest
Pupils constrict
Salvia stimulated
Slow heartbeat
Airway constricted
Glucose not released
Contract bladder
SNS- fight or flight
Opposite of PNS
Overview of brain structure
Structure of cerebrum
R and L hemisphere
Linked by corpus callosum- only white matter
Convoluted surface- increase SA
Fissures, Sulcus (infold ) or Gyrus (outfold)
Cortex = surface = grey matter (neurone cell bodies)
Interior= white matter (axons)
L and R cerebral functions
Cerebrum lobe function
Frontal: emotions, higher functions, somatic NS
Parietal: mvt, temp, taste, touch, motor autonomic NS
Temporal: hearing, language, hvp
Occipital: vision
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