A1
to reach a particular standard
attain a level / degree of competence
to improve your skills in a language
brush up (one’s French / German, etc)
the ability to do something well
competence
when someone experiences something or is affected by it because they are in a particular situation or place
exposure
to understand something
grasp
to have a conversation
hold a conversation
to learn a new language by practising it and not by being taught
pick up (a new language, phrases, etc)
If a skill you had is rusty, it is not now good because you have
rusty
the need or reason for doing something
motivation
something that you need
necessity
when someone does not want to do something
reluctance
a fast increase
a rapid rise
a continuing change
a steady shift
almost impossible to notice
barely perceptible
to start to disappear or no longer exist
be on the way out
not noticed at all
entirely unnoticed
to slowly be replaced by something
gradually give way to sth
to increase by a large amount
grow substantially
very important
hugely significant
continuing to exist for a long time
lasting
If something is on the increase, it is happening more often.
on the increase
still happening
ongoing
to start to be frequent
take hold
to understand and deal with a problem or situation
get to grips with sth
to learn a language
acquire a language
being willing to give a lot of time and energy to something because you believe it is very important
dedication
the ability to control yourself and make yourself do things
discipline
something that makes you stop giving your attention to something else
distraction
to experience something often enough for it to seem normal to you
get accustomed to sth
to be good at hearing, repeating, or understanding a particular type of sound
have an ear for sth
to become completely involved in something
immerse oneself in sth
the ability to understand what something is really like, or an example of this
insight
the activity of talking and doing things with other people, or the way you do this
interaction
when something affects what you are trying to achieve
interference
to continue working hard at something difficult
keep at it
when something is controlled so that it is less than a particular amount or number
limitation
the ability to read and write
literacy
a person's opinions or way of thinking
mentality
to start to do something you have learned how to do
put sth into practice
to find something difficult
struggle (with sth)
A2
to give someone too much information, ask them too many questions, etc
bombard sb with sth
to make a particular quality noticeable
bring out sth (in sb)
to seem to be a particular kind of person
come across (to sb)
to keep yourself away from other people
cut oneself off
to feel that you belong to a particular group and are accepted by them
fit in
to talk in an annoying way about something for a long time
go on about sth
to prevent yourself from doing something
hold oneself back
to criticize someone, often unfairly
run sb down
If a remark slips out, you say it without intending to.
slip out
to understand and communicate with someone in a particular way
relate to sb
A3
having a lot of money
affluent
not having enough food, money, and the things that you need to have a normal life
deprived
so poor that you do not have the basic things you need to live, such as food, clothes, or money
destitute
more serious than impoverished and deprived
the amount of money that you have available to spend after tax, rent and other basic things that you must pay for
disposable income
a problem or situation that makes you suffer a lot, especially because you are very poor
hardship
poor or made poor
impoverished
to not spend more money than you have
live within one's means
to have or earn enough money to be able to pay for the things you need
make ends meet
when a person or a country has a lot of money
prosperity
well-off
with a lot of people or things close together
dense
an area of land in a hot country where trees and plants grow close together
jungle
a forest with a lot of tall trees where it rains a lot
rainforest
far away
remote
the middle of an area
the heart of (the rainforest, capital, jungle, etc)
from or in the hottest parts of the world
tropical
short plants and bushes that grow around trees
undergrowth
not changed or damaged in any way
untouched
the plants and trees that grow in a particular area
vegetation
a place that is in a completely natural state without houses, industry, roads, etc
wilderness
a very beautiful place in a hot area
a tropical paradise
a large sandy area with almost no rain
arid desert
an area of soft, wet ground
bog
very still, blue-green sea
calm turquoise waters
small areas of water that is dark in colour and smells unpleasant because it does not flow
dark pools of stagnant water
an open area of countryside with rough grass and bushes but no trees
empty moorland
the lower hills next to a mountain or line of mountains
foothills
the branches and leaves that spread out at the top of a group of trees forming a type of roof
forest canopy
very large hills of sand in a desert on on the coast
huge sand dunes
an area of soft, wet land
marsh
an area of very soft, wet land that has a lot of mosquitos in it
mosquito-infested swamp
very clean and beautiful beaches
pristine beaches
a field with a lot of grass
rich green meadow
ground that is covered with large pieces of stone
rocky ground
rough and rocky land by the edge of the sea
rugged coastline
vertical cliffs
sheer cliffs
the open entrance of a cave
the mouth of a cave
the sides of hills, covered with trees
wooded slopes
in large amounts
profusely
completely, very much
thoroughly
something that you usually have in your home that makes your life easy and pleasant
home comforts
satisfying or beneficial
rewarding
to make someone weaker or take away strength or an important quality from someone, especially over a long period of time
sap
to believe something to be the truth without even thinking about it
take something for granted
to get or obtain something
aquire
a long period when there is little or no rain
drought
(the total amount collected of) a plant such as a grain, fruit, or vegetable grown in large amounts
crops
(of something unpleasant) very common or frequent
rife
causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc.; very serious
severe
not proud or not believing that you are important
humble
something that happens or is made or done only once
one-off
any animal of which the female feeds her young on milk from her own body. Most * give birth to live young, not eggs
mammal
filled with the activity of many people or things
teeming
to treat something as if it is not important or not a problem
to shrug it off
to be nervous or worried
fret
to bend your knees and lower yourself so that you are close to the ground and leaning forward slightly
crouch down
to lift and give support to something by putting something under it
physically support
to prop something up
to order someone to come to or be present at a particular place, or to officially arrange a meeting of people
summon
to pull something heavy slowly and with difficulty
pull something heavy
hauled
without something making it difficult for you to do something
unencumbered
rub against a hard surface (in order to make a powder)
grinding
pull off, like a skin
peeled
A5
belonging to or used by a group of people rather than one single person
communal
showing kindness, care, and sympathy towards others, especially those who are suffering
humane
an evergreen tree (= one that never loses its leaves) that grows in cooler areas of the world:
pine
If a door is _, a bar of wood or metal has been put across it so that it cannot be opened
+ opposite
barred
unbarred
a set of numbers, amounts, etc., used to measure or compare the level of something
scale
involving a greater than usual amount of risk
high-risk
to put or keep someone in prison or in a place used as a prison
incarcerated
the person in charge of a prison
warden
If someone becomes _, they gradually become less able to think and act independently, because of having lived for a long time under the rules of an institution
institutionalised
a group of similar things that are close together, sometimes surrounding something
clustered around
to take something quickly and keep or hold it
seize
to speak or write to someone, or to direct information to someone
address
3D
a point from which to start a journey or activity
jumping-off point
something that is so good, you must do it, have it, or see it
must-see
extremely exciting or surprising
mind-blowing
very good, beautiful, or deserving to be admired
magnificent
a strong castle in or near a city, where people can shelter from danger, especially during a war
citadel
a place to stay, esp. a hotel room
accommodation
friendly and welcoming to guests and visitors
hospitable
to make an effort to do something to help someone, even if it is not convenient
put yourself out for someone
to walk around slowly in a relaxed way or without any clear purpose or direction
wander
firmly joined together, especially by one part fitting into another
interlocking
If unwanted people or things _, they fill a place quickly and in large numbers
overrun
enjoyable, attractive, friendly, or easy to like
pleasant
to enjoy the effects or experience of something as much as possible
soak something up
destroyed or spoiled
ruined
surfaced with a layer of stones
cobbled
rising or falling at a sharp angle
steep
A _ road, area, etc. has only private houses, not offices and factories.
residential
height above sea level
altitude
a line or pattern that looks like a Z or a row of Zs joined together
zigzag
having something in several places among something else
interspersed
having parts of the size or shape that is described
proportioned
traditional food
cuisine
at a price that is not too expensive
reasonably priced
too expensive
overpriced
very difficult
kind of a nightmare
needed a lot of time
quite rough
good opportunities
great ops
5A
a person who is in charge of a trial in a court and decides how a person who is guilty of a crime should be punished, or who makes decisions on legal matters
judge
a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty, or if a claim has been proved
jury
a male or female member of the police force
police officer
someone who commits a crime
criminal
a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident
witness
someone or something that has been hurt, damaged, or killed or has suffered, either because of the actions of someone or something else, or because of illness or chance
victim
the lawyers in a court case who represent the side that accuses someone of committing a crime
prosecution
anklage
verhaftet wegen des Verdachts auf
arrestet on suspicion of
machte eine Anklage wegen
made an allegation of
Beweise vor Gericht vorgelegt
showed evidence in court
als Zeuge vor Gericht ausgesagt
gave testimony in court
sich schuldig bekannt hat
pleaded guilty to
wurde für schuldig befunden wegen
was found guilty of
zu lebenslanger Freiheitsstrafe verurteilt
sentenced to life imprisonment
leistete gemeinnützige Arbeit
do community service
eine reduzierte Strafe wegen guter Führung verbüßt
served a redued sentence for good behaviour
die vollen zehn Jahre zu verbüßen
to serve the full ten years
eine Geldstrafe
fined
mit einem Fahrverbot belegt
banned from driving
Konfrontation mit seinem Opfer
brought face to face with his victim
Einzelgespräch
one to one
Gruppenberatung
group counselling
Inanspruchnahme psychiatrischer Hilfe
receiving psychiatric help
in Einzelhaft
in solitary confinement
gewaltsamer Übergriff
violent assault
Steuerhinterziehung
tax evasion
Besitz von Diebesgut
possession of stolen goods
Kreditkartenbetrug
credit card fraud
Piraterie und Korruption
birbery and corruption
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