Who did early investigation of functional specialization in the brain known as locationism?
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
Austrian physician and anatomist
Who did early investigation of functional specialization in the brain known as holism?
Jean Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)
French physiologist Societé d’Anthropologie in Paris
Who was Louis Victor Leborgne (1809-1861)?
Language production difficulties since the 1840’s
Only spoke the word ‘Tan’ (when enraged, he could produce a swear word or a short phrase)
Understood spoken language well
Developed progressive right-sided paralysis
Spent 21 years in hospital, several years in psychiatry
Only seen by Broca in the last week of his life (for gangrene)
Pierre Paul Broca (1824-1880) French surgeon and anthropologist
What is processed in the Broca’s area?
Language
What is the Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind model of language processing?
What are the two regions that are critical for language?
Who gave mounting evidence for functional specialization of the cortex? And how?
Gustav Fritsch (1838-1927) German physiologist and anthropologist
Eduard Hitzig (1838-1907) German psychiatrist and physiologist
Ueber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns (1870)
Galvanic stimulation (DC) of dog cortex elicited characteristic contractions of the head and limbs
Showed that insights into the activity of the brain were within the reach of experimental analysis
Whyt is the ‘homunculus’? And who developed it?
A topographic map of motor output to different body parts
Wilder Penfield (1891-1976)
Canadian neurosurgeon
Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI)
Who studied the case of Phineas Gage (1823-1860)?
John Martyn Harlow (1819-1907) American physician
What was Phineas Gage frontal lobe syndrome?
Damage of higher-order cognitive functioning
Dysexecutive syndrome
Disinhibition • Failure to plan
Disturbance of working memory
Disturbance of language and speech production
Disturbance of social behavior
What happened to the American worker Henry G. Molaison (1926-2008) (Patient H.M.) who suffered from intractable epilepsy (including major tonic-clonic seizures) since adolescence?
Unable to work or lead a normal life
Underwent surgical removal of the bilateral anterior temporal lobes (ATL) by William Scoville (1953)
Surgery achieved partial control of his epilepsy
Left with severe anterograde amnesia and mild retrograde amnesia
What did Brenda Milner (b. 1918), British-Canadian neuropsychologist, find out about amnesia?
Complex cognitive functions are
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