Concentration in general anesthesia is measured in
Partial Pressure
Potency in general anesthesia is measured by
Mean Alveolar Concentration
Types of General Anesthesia:
Inhalational
Nitrous Oxide
Halothane
DesFLURANE
IsoFLURANE
EnFLURANE
SevoFLURANE
MethoxyFLURANE
Intravenous
Propofol
Thiopental
Midazolam
Ketamine
Fastest onset but least potent
ADRs:
Coughing
Respiratory irritation
Laughing
Hepatotoxic GA
GA that causes bronchoconstriction
Desflurane
GA that causes stimulation of release of catecholamines
Isoflurane
Slow onset but most potent GA
Methoxyflurane
aka "Milk of amnesia"
Short acting, fast onset
MOA: Increases GABA-mediated inhibition ADRs:
CNS Depression
CV Depression
MOA: Enhance GABA-mediated Cl channel opening by increasing the duration of opening of chloride channels
Barbiturates
MOA: Enhance GABA-mediated Cl channel opening by increasing frequency of opening of the channel
Benzodiazepine
NDA (N-Methyl-D-aspartate) antagonist
Only anesthetic agent which causes increase in BP
Peculiar ADR after administration of anesthetic
Not dose related
Symptoms:
High fever
Rigidity of muscles
Acidosis
Malignant hyperthermia
Stages of Anesthesia
General Anesthetics
a ___ MAC as the partial pressure of an inhalational anesthetic in the alveoli of the lungs is 50% of the population of non-relaxed patients remained immobile at the time of surgical skin incision (standardized painful stimulus)
1.0
GA that is Contraindicated in patients with asthma
Coronary Steal Syndrome, the preferential redistribution of blood from ischemic areas to non-ischemic areas, is a theoretical possibility for ____ use
GA Best for asthmatic (bronchodilation)
Savoflurane
Lowest potency (highest MAC) and least cardiotoxicity among inhalational anesthetics
Nitrous oxide
Only inhaled anesthetic that INCREASES cerebral blood flow and hence INCREASE ICP due to activation of sympathetic nervous system
Acid-Fast Staining required for tuberculosis
“Ziehl-Neelsen stain”
Used to determine exposure to tubercle bacilli
Mantoux Test
In TB, Clinically diagnosed cases subsequently found to be bacteriologically positive (before or after starting treatment) should be classified as
bacteriologically confirmed
A patient with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB should be classified as a
case of pulmonary TB
Any bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed case of TB involving organs other than the lungs (abdomen, genitourinary tract, joints and bones, lymph nodes, meninges, pleura, skin
Case of extra-pulmonary TB
Patient who has never been treated for TB or has taken anti-TB drugs for less than 1 month
New case
Stomach ph
1-3
Parietal cells/oxyntic cells secrete
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
Mucus neck cells secrete
Bicarbonate
G cells secrete
Gastrin
Chief cells/zymogenic cells secrete
Pepsinogen
Enterochromaffin cells secrete
Histamine
Parietal cells are receptive to what stimuli!?
Ach (M3 receptors)
H2
HAG
DRUGS FOR HYPERACIDITY
1. Antacids
H2 antagonists
Proton Pump inhibitors
Antacids MOA
All drugs just interact with the produced HCI
Does NOT decrease HCI secretion
Acts through neutralization reaction
Antacids are not absorbed in the GIT except for ____ and ____
Sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate
Zuletzt geändertvor 6 Monaten
