= erosion of the mechanisms by which constitutional institutions function
= do anything to win, within the formal rules
= is a procedural tactic used in the U.S. Senate to extend debate on a piece of legislation, effectively delaying or blocking a vote on the issue.
It is not defined in the U.S. Constitution
has emerged as a Senate rule since the 1800s.
main purpose: ensure that a majority does not silence debate, allowing for extended discussion on issues.
=> key features:
Cloture: requires 60 votes
Senators do not have to continuously remain on the floor to maintain a filibuster.
Serves as a publicity stunt
Originally focused on the budget (established 1921)
Under Nixon (1970): gains broader responsibilities for supervising the executive for the President
Established as part of OMB (1981), with general responsibilities for overseeing/reviewing regulation
Also does IT, statistics, privacy policy etc.
= are directives issued by the President of the US to organize the administration. They take the form of general instructions, to all executive officials or to a group of them.
Executive orders must comply with statutes (and the constitution)
If Congress is deadlocked, this can be a key source of rules
= parts of the federal government stop functioning because the legislative process cannot pass a new appropriations bill.
= the practice of manipulating electoral district boundaries to benefit a particular political party
Packing: Concentrating voters of one type into a single district to reduce their influence in other districts. Otherwise many votes will be wasted.
Cracking: Spreading voters of one type across multiple districts to dilute their voting power. => Creates districts in which one's own party achieves narrow majorities.
Racial: Drawing district lines to diminish the voting power of racial or ethnic minorities.
Partisan: Designed to favor one political party over another.
New Deal Order
Neoliberal Order
Rejected leader: Hoover
Rejected leader: Johnson, Carter
Champion: Roosevelt
Champion: Reagan
Figures who all work within that paradigm, and either expand it or do not challenge it: Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford…
Figures who all work within that paradigm, and either expand it or do not challenge it: HW Bush, Clinton, GW Bush, Obama …
Recall e.g. Nixon’s environmental and civil rights legislation
Recall e.g. Clinton’s free trade emphasis, or claims that ‘the era of big government is over’
Emphasizes government power
Emphasizes free market power
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