What is binomial nomenclature?
The scientific way we name things, consisting of the genus + species
What are the seven ranks in the classification hierarchy in order?(general to specific)
Kingdom (Kids)
Phylum (Playing)
Class (Communist)
Order (On)
Family (Freedom)
Genus (Get)
Species (Secret Serviced)
In binomial nomenclature, which word is the genus?
The first one
In binomial nomenclature, which word is the species?
The second one
What are the six generally reconized kingdoms?
Animalia (Americans)
Plantae (Playing)
Fungi (“Football”)
Protista (Poorly)
Archaebacteria (Against)
Eubacteria (Europeans)
Which kingdom is made up of complex, multi-celled, heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms?
Animalia
Which kingdom includes algae and slime molds?
Protista
Which kingdom has unicellular prokaryotic bacteria able to thrive in extreme environments?
Archaebacteria
Which kingdom has flowering plants, mosses, and ferns?
Plantae
Which kingdom has both bacteria that cause common diseases like strep throat, and also bacteria which are beneficial to our gut health?
Eubacteria
When a virus is in the lysogenic cycle, what happens?
DNA is incorporated into the host cell’s DNA
When a virus is in the lytic cycle, what happens?
The host cell produces many new viruses and then breaks apart
What is a capsid?
The protein shell that surrounds a virus
What are viruses comprised of?
They are comprised of two main parts: nucleic acid core and a protein covering called a capsid
What do vaccinations do?
They are a treatment done in an attempt to prevent viral infection
What are the two major groups of prokaryotes?
Eubacteria and archaebacteria
How do bacteria reproduce?
Asexually via binary fission
Which feature of eukaryotic cells is absent in prokaryotes?
Membrane-bound organelles
How do archaebacteria and eubacteria differ?
The chemical structure of their cell walls is different
Their gene structure differs
Many archaebacteria have the ability to survive in extreme environments
Which group of protists is made up of fungi-like decomposers?
Molds
Which group of protists is made up of plant-like autotrophs?
Algae
Which group of protists is made up of single-celled, heterotrophic organisms?
Protozoans
What type of environments are protists found in?
Aquatic environments and in the soil where water is available
What locomotion device is shared between all flagellates?
Flagella
Protozoans that move around with the help of tiny hair like projections called cilia are part of which group?
Ciliophora
Why were water molds and slime molds moved out of the fungi kingdom?
Their cell walls are made of cellulose instead of chitin, and they’re mobile at some part of their life.
Which phyla of algae is photosynthetic yet exhibits movement with flagella like protozoans?
Euglenoids
How do amoeba obtain food?
They use their pseudopodia to engulf their food via phagocytosis.
What is a notable feature of sporozoans?
They form spores as part of their reproductive process.
The fruiting body of a mushroom is composed of…
Stipe, cap, and gills
Mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs, and smuts are examples of…
Basidomycota
Ascomycete fungi reproduce asexually by spores that form bead-like chains called…
Conidia
Zygomycota fungi reproduce asexually from spores that have been released from knob-like spore containers called…
Sporangium
What’s the difference between a septate fungus and a non-septate fungus?
Septate fungi have hyphae divided into cells via walls whereas non-septate fungi have no cell walls.
What functions much like roots, anchoring the organism?
Rhizoids
What functions like stems in fungi, connecting hyphae together?
Stolon
Fungi are composed of slender filaments called…
Hyphae
How do fungi digest their food?
Via external digestion and then absorb nutrients through their cell walls
How are fungi like plants?
They are immobile organisms
Most fungi are saprophytes. This means…
They obtain their nutrients from dead and decaying matter
What is the most important function of fungi in our ecosystem?
They’re decomposers
What are the characteristics of organisms in Kingdom Plantae?
They have specialized tissues and/or organs
They lack motility
They have a eukaryotic cell structure
What are Phylum Pterophyta are more commonly known as?
Ferns
What are Phylum Anthophyta are more commonly known as?
Flowering plants
What are Phylum Coniferophyta are more commonly known as?
Cone-bearing plants
What are Phylum Bryophyta are more commonly known as?
True mosses
What is a plant’s life cycle, which is divided into two phases, commonly called?
Alternation of generations
What are mosses made up of?
A leafy shoot and a rhizoid
What are the leafy shoots of mosses in the gametophyte stage made up of?
Haploid cells
What are ferns in the form that we are used to seeing made of?
Diploid cells
What life phase are ferns that we are used to seeing in?
The sporophyte phase
What is the leaf of a fern is known as?
A frond
What structure of a fern has both male and female sex organs?
Prothallus
What do conifers produce?
Two different types of cones: seed cones and pollen cones
How many phyla make up the group of angiosperms?
One
What are some characteristics of monocots?
The veins in their leaves usually run parallel to one another
Their floral parts usually come in multiples of 3
Their seeds have just one cotyledon
Which of the following type of plant does not have a vascular system?
What are the two types of plant systems called?
Root system
Shoot system
What tissue covers the outside of a plant?
Dermal tissue
What tissue is responsible for ongoing growth and repair of the plant?
Meristematic tissue
What tissue carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots up to the rest of the plant?
Vascular tissue (xylem)
What tissue carries sugar and other nutrients throughout the plant, typically in a downward fashion?
Vascular tissue (phloem)
What tissue provides storage for water, sugar, and starch?
Ground tissue
The portion of the leaf that connects it to the stem and contains vascular tissue is called the…
Petiole
Botanists often classify plants based on leaf…
Margin, shape, vein structure
The layer of cells that covers the top and the bottom of the leaf is called…
Epidermis
On the underside of the leaf are pores which allow air movement and transpiration. These pores are called…
Stromata
What controls the opening and closing of a leaf’s stoma?
Guard cells
Photosynthesis happens inside the leaf’s…
Mesophyll
What is required for photosynthesis to occur in a plant?
Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight
What are the three main functions of stems?
Photosynthisis, carrying nutrients and water throughout the plant, supporting leaves so they can receve sunlight.
What is the place where leaves are produced on stems called?
Nodes
What do woody stems produce that protect the tiny leaves throughout the winter?
Scales
What are the 3 areas that make up the woody stem?
Bark, wood, and pith
What are the three functions of roots?
Food storage, to anchor the plant, absorbs water and nutrients.
What are taproots and where are they found?
Are usually found in dicot plants; have one primary root that reaches deep in the soil with small secondary roots branching off
What are fibrous roots and where are they found?
Are usually found in monocot plants; have many branching roots that form a tangled mass in the soil
What is the function of root hairs?
Increase the surface area of the root so it can absorb more water
What is the root cap made of and what is its purpose?
Thick dead cells and protects the root as it grows into the soil
What are the green, leaf-like structures that protect a flower while it’s developing called?
Sepals
What is the male portion of the flower called?
Stamen
What is the female portion of the flower called?
Pistil
What are flowers that lack either the male or female parts called?
Incomplete
What are used in plants to aid in pollination?
Insects
Birds
Wind
When does the fertilization process begin?
When pollen lands on the stigma of a plant
Angiosperms undergo a process called what?
Double fertilization, because seed formation requires fertilization of two nuclei in the ovary by two sperm
What is the primary function of fruit?
Seed dispersal
An embryo plant receives its energy for growth, prior to being exposed to sunlight from what?
Cotyledon
What are auxins are responsible for?
Promoting stem elongation while at the same time inhibiting lateral bud growth
What is ethylene responsible for?
Stimulating fruit ripening
What is abscisic acid responsible for?
Promoting seed dormancy and causing buds to produce scales
What is a plant’s response to a stimulus in its environment called?
Tropism
What is a plant’s need for a stretch of continuous darkness of a specified length in order to flower called?
Photoperiodism
What do farmers often find depleted when crops are grown in the same location year after year?
Minerals
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