GLOPO

A situation where actions by a state to increase its security (e.g., armament) lead to increased insecurity in other states, prompting arms races and tensions.

The lack of a central authority to enforce rules or resolve disputes, leading to self-help behavior by states

Mearsheimer argues that states seek to maximize power to become regional or global hegemons as a way to ensure security.

The ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal and attraction rather than coercion or payment, often using culture, values, and policies.

The movement of power from one state or actor to another, often seen in global leadership shifts.

The spread of power among a larger number of actors, including non-state actors and smaller states, reducing the dominance of traditional powers.

Military force, economic sanctions, and threats of action.

The recognition of a state's independence and control by other states.

The state's authority and ability to govern its population and territory without interference.

Acceptance and recognition by the people and international community, often based on legal, moral, or democratic principles.

The conditions under which it is justifiable to go to war, such as self-defense or protecting human rights.

The ethical rules of conduct during warfare, including proportionality and the protection of non-combatants.

The principles for post-war justice, such as reconstruction and reconciliation.

A state whose borders coincide with a distinct national group.

Ethnic or cultural groups without a sovereign state, such as the Kurds.

A condition where a state is unable to provide basic functions or maintain authority, often measured by the Fragile State Index.

The presence of social justice, equality, and the absence of structural violence.

The absence of direct violence or conflict, but underlying tensions or injustices remain.

The conflict involves territorial disputes, historical grievances, and ideological divides, with debates on statehood and the legitimacy of violence.

Iran supports groups like Hezbollah and Hamas, challenging Israel's security and influencing regional dynamics.

Political stability, environmental resources, economic policies, social equity, and institutional strength.

Debt burdens hinder economic growth, trap developing countries in cycles of poverty, and limit their investment in infrastructure and services.

They center on whether such actions are justified by self-determination or human rights violations, versus their impact on civilian populations and global stability.

Wellbeing indicators (e.g., Happy Planet Index) focus on quality of life, while economic development indicators (e.g., GDP) measure financial growth.

Perspectives differ, with some emphasizing qualitative factors like culture and equality, while others rely on quantitative data like HDI or GDP.

Human Development Index measures life expectancy, education, and income.

An index assessing a state's vulnerability to collapse based on social, economic, and political indicators.

The conflict stems from political instability, gang violence, and international intervention debates, with calls for sustainable development and governance reform.

Haiti, then Saint-Domingue, was a French colony and one of the wealthiest due to its sugar, coffee, and slave-driven economy.

Haiti declared independence in 1804 after a successful slave revolt, becoming the first independent Black-led republic and the first to abolish slavery.

Haiti was forced to pay reparations to France for lost "property" (including enslaved people), plunging the country into debt.

The U.S. occupied Haiti from 1915–1934, influencing its economy and politics, and later imposed trade restrictions and sanctions.

Weak governance, corruption, lack of infrastructure, and frequent leadership crises have fueled instability.

Extensive deforestation has led to soil erosion, reduced agricultural productivity, and increased vulnerability to natural disasters.

Haiti faces extreme poverty, unemployment, and dependence on foreign aid.

Ongoing debt repayment limits resources for development and deepens economic challenges.

Limited access to healthcare, education, clean water, and sanitation contribute to low living standards and poor public health.

The assassination of President Jovenel Moïse in 2021 led to a power vacuum and intensified gang violence.

Armed gangs control large areas, disrupt daily life, and challenge the authority of the government.

Responses include foreign aid, peacekeeping missions, and debates over military interventions or humanitarian assistance.

Critics argue aid often bypasses local institutions, fosters dependency, and fails to address systemic issues.