Carbon bubble concept, vulnerable sectors, and economic consequences
Carbon Bubble Concept:
Overvaluation of fossil fuel companies and assets based on unburnable carbon reserves
Assumption that all reserves can be exploited conflicts with climate targets
Risk of stranded assets when climate policies are implemented
Most Vulnerable Sectors:
Fossil Fuel Industry
Oil and gas companies
Coal mining
Fossil fuel-dependent utilities
Heavy Industry
Steel production
Cement manufacturing
Chemical industry
Financial Sector
Banks with high fossil fuel exposure
Insurance companies
Pension funds
Possible Economic Consequences:
Sharp devaluation of fossil fuel assets
Financial market instability
Job losses in affected sectors
Transition costs for economies
Banking sector stress
Investment portfolio impacts
Factors of choosing distribution channels at foreign markets
Market Characteristics
Market size and geography
Customer preferences
Purchase patterns
Local competition
Infrastructure quality
Product Characteristics
Product complexity
Service requirements
Shelf life
Unit value
Technical support needs
Legal and Regulatory Factors
Import regulations
Local business laws
Industry-specific regulations
Tax implications
Economic Factors
Channel costs
Market coverage efficiency
Investment requirements
Expected margins
Economic stability
Company Resources
Financial capabilities
Management expertise
Brand strength
Market knowledge
Existing relationships
Methods of selection of foreign markets
Systematic Screening
Preliminary screening (macro factors)
Fine-grained screening (industry specific)
Final selection based on company objectives
Market Indicators Analysis
Market size and growth
Market intensity
Market consumption capacity
Commercial infrastructure
Risk Assessment
Political risk
Economic risk
Currency risk
Operational risk
Competitive Analysis
Market structure
Entry barriers
Competitive intensity
Local competition strength
Resource-based Selection
Company capabilities match
Resource availability
Strategic fit
Network relationships
Standardization vs. adaptation in international marketing
Standardization: Benefits:
Economies of scale
Consistent brand image
Simplified operations
Quality control
Faster market entry
Barriers:
Cultural differences
Legal requirements
Market development levels
Consumer preferences
Competition variations
Adaptation: Benefits:
Better market fit
Local consumer satisfaction
Competitive advantage
Cultural sensitivity
Regulatory compliance
Higher costs
Complex operations
Longer implementation time
Resource requirements
Quality consistency challenges
Cultural distance: implications for international marketing
Marketing Mix Adaptations
Product modifications
Pricing strategies
Promotion adjustments
Distribution channel choices
Communication Challenges
Language barriers
Non-verbal communication
Advertising interpretation
Message adaptation
Media selection
Consumer Behavior Impact
Purchase decision processes
Brand perception
Product usage patterns
Customer service expectations
Loyalty building
Market Entry Strategy
Mode of entry choice
Partner selection
Timing decisions
Resource commitment
Risk management
Operational Implications
Staff training needs
Local relationship building
Management style adaptation
Performance evaluation
Quality standards
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