How does labeling work?
-Market-based instrument
-Consumer pays price surplus for eco-friendly product
How does payment for ecosystem services work?
The beneficiaries of an ecosystem need to pay for their benefits
Types of services:
1. Supporting Services:
• Essential processes that enable other services, such as soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling.
2. Provisioning Services:
• Goods provided by nature, like food, water, timber, and medicine.
3. Regulating Services:
• Natural processes that regulate the environment, such as air and water purification, climate regulation, and flood control.
4. Cultural Services:
• Non-material benefits, including recreation, tourism, spiritual value, and aesthetic appreciation.
How much can you fish without overfishing?
-There is a generation function (Fish Stock/ Growth Rate)
-Maximum amount we can take, without reducing the stock long term
-> Maximum sustainable yield
How do taxes work to prevent pollution?
-Pigouvian tax (tax on externalities)
-The tax eliminates the difference between the marginal social cost and the marginal private cost (surcharge on top of the private cost) -Internalisation of external effects
Is land/soil a renewable or non-renewable resource?
-Land is a non-renewable resource
-Soil is not constantly produced by nature
-If it is occupied by one activity its not available for other activities -Loss or degradation is not recoverable within one human lifespan
Name measures to prevent pollution
-Regulations
-Taxes
-Labeling
-Tradeable Pollution Permits
-Payment for Environmental Services
-Footprint
Name the causes of water pollution
-Industry (Spills)
-Agriculture (Pesticides)
-Households (Washing)
Name the three major pillars of the WTO
1. Trade in Goods:
• Covers agriculture, industry, and textiles.
• Governed by GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).
2. Trade in Services:
• Includes financial services, communication, and tourism.
• Governed by GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services).
3. Intellectual Property:
• Protects patents, copyrights, and trademarks.
• Governed by TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights).
Name three arguments which explain the importance of biodiversity
-Living species serve life support functions (Forests clean air)
-Genetic diversity for plant-based foods (Disease resistance and increased crop productivity)
-Drugs are directly derived from wild plants
Name three barriers to trade
-Tariffs
-Non-Tariffs:
Quota (Import/ Export)
Embargos/ Bans
Quality standards and regulations
Antidumping measures
Name three causes for degraded fish stocks
-Industrialized fishing methods
-Destructive fishing methods
-Lack of regulations
-Large proportions of bycatch
Name three causes of forest degradation
-Climate change (droughts)
-Forest fires (Due to natural, human and accidental causes)
-Illegal logging (harvesting)
-Pests and diseases
-Air pollution (harmful gases lead to acid rain)
Name three effects of trade on the environment and describe them briefly
Scale effects:
-Increased consumption and production (Increased pollution)
-Higher income levels can lead to a demand for environmental quality
Structural effects:
-Pressure towards using the most efficient technology
-Benefit for the environment due to more efficient use of resources Product effects:
-Change in consumption patterns (can be more or less environmentally friendly)
Regulatory effects:
-Increased competition can lead to pressure to enforce environmental laws
Name three major crises humankind currently faces.
-Climate crises
-Biodiversity crises
-Food security crises
Name three measures or instruments that help to preserve natural resources
• Taxes (so excessive use is not cost-efficient)
• Subsidies: Reduce subsidies that encourage overuse of natural resources and provide support for preserving existing resources.
• Labeling/ Certification (So consumers can see which product is environmentally friendly and pays a price premium)
Name two renewable and two non-renewable resources
Renewable:
-Fish, forests, biomass or solar energy
-> Optimal rate of use needs to be found
Non-renewable:
-Fossil fuels, minerals
->Optimal rate of depletion needs to be found
Noise pollution from heavy traffic is an example for…
-An externality
-In this case it is negative
-An externality is a cost or benefit resulting from an economic activity that affects third parties and this impact is not reflected in market prices
-Positive (unrewarded)
-Negative (uncompensated)
Please explain the meaning of the term “existence value” and give an example
-Is the value society assigns to a certain ecosystem or species just for existing
-Example is the value of an endangered species
Please explain the term „diversified agriculture“
-At the moment agriculture is mostly industrialized
-Threatens climate change mitigation, biodiversity, and degradation of soils
-Large monofunctional -> Ecologically intensive (maximize productivity while minimizing negative environmental impacts)
-Production orientated -> Aim to balance multiple objectives
Please name three strategies to overcome the trilemma
Multiple Benefit Strategy (MBS) 1 is a strategy to overcome the trilemma.
Ecosystem restoration
-Climate crises: Removal of CO2 from the atmosphere -Restoration of degraded ecosystems -Additional benefits for biodiversity and food security
Protected-area systems -Biodiversity crises: expand system of protected areas
-maintain basic ecosystem services -Additional benefits for climate and food security 3. Diversified agriculture -Food security crises: Industrial agriculture threatens climate and biodiversity -Agriculture needs to be transformed from large and monofunctional to multifunctional and ecologically intensive
Zuletzt geändertvor 16 Tagen