System
A region or a space that contain matter and energy
Boundary
A wall or interference separating system from its surrounding
Types of system
There are three types of system
open system
close system
isolated system
Open system
Exchanging of both matter and energy
Close system
Exchanging of only energy
Isolated system
Neither exchanging of mass nor energy
Extensive property
Depend on amount of matter present in it
Eg- mass volume heat capacity
Intensive property
Doesn't depend on amount of matter
Eg- melting point boiling point and specific heat
State function
Depend on state of a system
And independent on the path followed
A state of system when it state a function doesn't change with time
Isotheral process
A process carried out at constant temperature
Isobaric process
A process carried out at constant pressure
Isochoric pressure
A process carried out at constant volume
Adiabatic process
A process in which system neither absorb heat from the surrounding or release heat
REVERSIBLE PROCESS
Reversible process in chemical thermodynamics is one that can be reverse without leaving any trace on system and surrounding
Nature of work
W = F× d
Work is defined as force multiplied by displacement
Surrounding
Everything outside a system
Positive
Negative
Positive- games energy in surrounding through work or heat
Negative- loses energy in surrounding through work or heat
Expression for pressure volume (PV)work
Expansion against zero opposing ( vaccum)
Internal energy
It is defined as the energy associated with system
First law of thermodynamic
It states that total energy of a system and surrounding remains constant when it changes from initial to final state
Enthalpy (H)
H= U + PV
Sum of internal energy of a system and energy of equivalent to PV work is called as enthalpy
Relation between ∆H and ∆U for chemical reaction
Enthalpy of fusion
It is defined as change in enthalpy when one mole of solid is converted into liquid without change in temperature at constant pressure
Enthalpy of vaporization
It is a change in enthalpy in one mole of liquid into vapour without changing its temperature at constant pressure
Enthalpy of sublimation
Change in enthalpy when one mole of solid is directly converted into vapour without change in temperature at constant pressure
Enthalpy of ionisation
It is defined as the inculty change a company the removal of electron from one mole of gaseous atom of an element
Enthalpy of atomisation
It is defined as a change in an enthalpy accompany dissociation of one mole of gaseous is substance into atoms
Enthalpy of solution
It is the change in enthalpy when one mole of substance dissolved in a specific amount of solvent
Enthalpy of chemical reaction
Enthalpy of a chemical reaction is different between the sum of enthalpy of product and that of reactants in thermochemical equation
Standard enthalpy of formation
It is an enthalpy change when one mole of pure substance is formed from the element in the standard state
Standard enthalpy of combustion
It is defined as the enthalpy change accompayning complete combustion or oxidation of one mole of a substance in its standard state
Bond enthalpy
It is defined as enthalpy change required to break a particular covalent bond one mole of gaseous molecule to produce gaseous atoms or radical
Maximum work
Entropy
Entropy change ∆S is equals to the amount of heat transfer to it is in reversible manner is divided by the temperature at which the transfer takes place
Second law of thermodynamics
It state that total entropy of the system and its surrounding increases in spantameous process
Write the sign conversation of work done during expansion of gas
Spontaneous of reaction
∆stotal > 0 , then the reaction is non spontaneous
∆stotal <0 , then the reaction is spontaneous
∆stotal = 0 when the reaction is equilibrium
Deduce first law of thermodynamics for isothermal process
First law of thermodynamics ∆U= Q+W
In isothermal process , ∆U= 0
0=Q+W
Q=-W
Deduce first law of thermodynamics for
Write the mathematical equation for first law of thermodynamics for adiabatic process
Write the mathematical equation for the first law of thermodynamics for isobaric process
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