Definition of product
A product is something that was designed and made for a particular purpose.
Definition of design
A design is a description of an artefact to be made. An artefact is an object made by a human being. Design is the process or the art of creating designs.
Definition of product development
Product development is the set of activities beginning with the perception of a market opportunity and ending in the production, sale and delivery of product.
Definition of design problem
A design problem describes a situation in which a design goal is to be achieved, but the means and the way to get there are not yet known.
Definition of solution
A solution (to a design problem) or a good design is a design achieving the design goal.
What is the dilemma of product development
The more information you have, the less you can do.
What is decomposition?
Decomposition = definition of separate design problems that designs can work on almost independently.
To reduce complexity, large complex systems are decomposed. When decomposing a system, ideally you know (1) what is compatible with all requirements and (2) can be realized.
What is the difference between vertical and horizontal decomposition?
Horizontal decomposition is typically done by disciplines, vertical decomposition by level of detail.
What types of challenges exist?
Maket-related = external, not controllable
Designer-related = internal, including your organization, would be different for someone else, somewhat controllable
Design-related = related to the product itself, independent of the designer, often controllable
What does the “PESTEL Analysis Template” stand for?
P - Political
E - Economic
S - Social
T - Technological
E - Environment
L - Legal
What does VUCA stand for?
Volatility Uncertainty Complexity Ambiguity - VUCA
Volatile = characterized by or subject to rapid or unexpected change
Uncertainty = the state of being not clearly identified or defined
Complexity characterises the behavior of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, meaning there is no reasonable higher instruction to define the various possible interactions
Ambiguity = the quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness
What is solution fixation?
Reusing what you know is much easier than inventing something new.
Name Designer-related Challenges
Solution fixation
Limitations of the human mind
Complex flow of information
Name Design-related Challenges
Many design goals
Many design variables
Many dependencies
Many variants
Counter-intuitive dependencies
Large design spaces
Definition of model
A model is a simplified representation of an original. It contains only what is relevant for a particular purpose.
Typical purposes:
Analysis, understanding
Prediction
Means for discussion
Definition of method
A method is a set of specific actions to be carried out in order to achieve a certain goal.
Micro view
Describes action items, operative character
Example: Benchmarking
Definition of procedure model
A procedure model is a coarse description of a development process according to a particular design approach.
Macro view, typically for entire product
Describes outcomes, more result-oriented, less focused on action
Serves as tool for planning, organizing and controlling
Example: V-model
Definition of property
A property is a description element for a product (or other things). It is useful to distinguish one product from another.
We use the term property
for a property that is realized / instantiated = variable and a relation to a particular value that can be observed or measured
for a property variable, i.e., a class of possible realizations (e.g. “color”), and In this lecture, we will treat the terms property, attribute or characteristic as synonyms.
Difference between “Realized Property” and “Requirement”
Realized Property = Actual, realized, observed Related to the verb is
Requirement = Required, desired, expected Related to the verb shall
Definition of value
A value is used for the instantiation of a property, e.g. "gray". It is something that can be observed or measured.
Definition of requirement
A requirement is a statement about a desired design, which can be evaluated as true (or false), corresponding to the requirement being (or not being) satisfied.
Definition of design variable
A design variable is an attribute whose value can be adjusted by the designer in order to reach a design goal. In mathematical terms, this would be an explanatory variable.
Example: Coil diameter
Definition of design parameter
A design parameter is a “frozen” design variable, i.e., it cannot be modified by the designer for reasons related to the overall design task.
Example: Mass of a vehicle for a chassis designer.
Often, the term “design parameter“ is used as “design variable“.
Definition of design space
A design space is a set of designs that are to be considered as solution candidates.
Distinguish between design space and solution space!
Definition of solution space
A solution space is a set of designs that are solutions.
Definition of quantity of interest
A quantity of interest is an attribute that measures the performance of the design. In mathematical terms, this would be the dependent variable.
Example: stiffness of the spring, or time to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h
Requirements are typically formulated with quantities of interest
Often, quantities of interests and requirements are not carefully distinguished
Definition of criterion
The term criterion is used in two ways:
requirement or
the quantity of interest that is used to formulate a requirement
Name the typical Phases in Product Development
Definition of Ingredient
Ingredient = partial solution, related to a particular technology
Why are methods valuable?
Methods are valuable because they
Support you in meeting the challenges of product development to generate solutions to problems
Act as checklists to not forget important issues
Make decision process explicit and enable discussion and contribution by team members
Document the decision process for future reference
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