What is bottom up vs. top down processing?
learners process language by starting with the smallest units and then build up to understand meaning
-> decoding individual words and sounds before grasping overall meaning
learners use their background knowledge, context & expectations to predict meaning
-> intuition
What is a summative assessment?
= evaluation of students overall learning
-> measures final achievement
What is a formative assessment?
= feedback during learning; improving
-> ongoing & informal
What is a valid assessment?
= reflection of true language ability (rather than irrelevant skills)
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