scala naturale refers to

For two biallelic loci A and B, which one refers to a haplotype?

• Ab

• BB

• Aa, Bb

• AB

In female heterogametic species like birds the mutation of the Z chromosome compared to autosomes is expected to be

• higher

• lower

• equal

• 1/3

two alleles A and a segregate at a single bi-allelic locus. Assuming finite population size, random mating and no selection, the A allele will eventually be

• fixed

• either lost or fixed

• preserved

• at equilibrium

Which of the folloewing statements is correct? Linkage disequilibrium

• Increase the level of heterozygosity in each of the loci under consideration

• cannot occur because of genetic drift

• diminishes as a function of time and recombination rate

• is independent of gene genealogies

You calculate F-statistics for a set of two subpopulations in a diploid organism. In subpopulation 1 you find FIS to be positive. What does that mean ?

What does the Wahlund effect refer to?

Which of the following conditions will most likely lead to an increase in the frequency of altruistic behavior in a population?

• Groups that differ in therms of altruistic and selfish genotypes have differential reproduction survival

• The altruistic behavior benefits the population

• the rate of extinction of the selfish genotype is high

• The benificaries of the behavior are related to the individual performing it

In a diploid population with alleles A and a, the aa genotype has a selective disadvantage of 40%. The dominance coefficient h in heterozygotes is 0.3. What is the fitness of the three genotypes ?

One obligate cross-over per chromosome arm is required for successful meiosis. Consider an organism with 23 metacentric chromosomes. What is the minimum genetic map length of the chromosome?

Using a linear regression of phenotypic values of the offspring over the mean of the two parental phenotypic values can estimate:

• H^2 = VG / VP, assuming the parents are not related

• H^2 = VA / VP, assuming the parents are not related

• H^2 = VA / VP, assuming the parents and offspring environments are not correlated

• H^2 = VG / VP, assuming the parents and offspring environments are not correlated

The biological species concept is useful because

• there are no expections

• it emphasizes the role of reproduction isolation

• it includes asexual species

• it is easy to test

Genealogy of 6 haploid individuals. Substitution events are circles -> 5 loci. Which site-frequence-spectra (SFS) fits best?

X-linked, biallelic locus in male heterogametic species. X-allele has pf in females and pm in males, x-allele qf and qm respectively. very large population and no selection. What is incorrect?

• Female genotype frequencies correspond to hardy-wenberg expectations after one round of mating

• Overall frequency p is always equal to 2/3 pf x 1/3 pm, regardless whether pf=pm or not

• pm is equal to pf in the preceding generation

• pf is not independent of pm

• the absolute difference between pf and pm is halfed each generation

Which of the following is not a reason that an effecctive population size can be smaller than the actual population size

• There are different numbers of males and females

• Every individual produces exactly 2 offspring

• generations overlap

• there is natural selection

• population size fluctuates

You genotype a biallelic locus in a very small population of only 2 chromosomes (N=2) and find that both alleles are present. What is the probability that in two generations, both alleles are still present?

statement about ancestral recombination graph is incorrect:

• recombination introduces a change in the genealogy

• if recombination rate exceeds mutation rate inference of the underlying genealogy is no longer possible well.

• genealogies change aprubtly at recombination breakpoints

• the ancestral recombination graph applies to all sexually reproducing, outcrossing species

• identity by descent can no longer be established

which of the answers is not a component of fitness according to evolutionary biology ?

• mating success

• fertilization success

• fecundity

• mutation

• Viability

ancestral genotype “aacc”, adaptive landscapes (FL) fitness of the homozygote of two diallelic loci.

Which statement is correct assuming drift doesn’t play a role ?

• only FL1 can evolve towards high fitness values

• FL1 shows no epistasis

• genotype aaCC can only be reached by FL1 and FL3

• FL3 will reach the highest fitness peak despite epistasis

• FL2 cannot reach the highest fitness peak because of epistasis

The following plot describes the change in allele frequency p of a benefical allele A over several generations for three different genetic architectures. Which fitness architectures (wAA, wAa, waa) underlie the three curves, black (B), dark grey (DG) and light grey (LG)?

• B: wAA>wAa>waa /DG: wAA<wAa>waa /LG: wAA<wAa<waa

• B: wAA<wAa<waa /DG: wAA=wAa<waa /LG: wAA<wAa=waa

• B: wAA>wAa>waa /DG: wAA=wAa>waa /LG: wAA>wAa=waa

• B: wAA=wAa>waa /DG: wAA>wAa>waa /LG: wAA>wAa=waa

• B: wAA>wAa>waa /DG: wAA>wAa<waa /LG: wAA>wAa=waa

Consider 2 populations of equal sizewith the following genotype frequencies AA, Aa and aa. Pop1: 5, 10, 5 adn Pop2: 3, 10, 7

What is FIS for population 1 and 2 and FST, rounded by 2 digits?

2 dimensional model of evolution after:

• Carolus Linnaeus

• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

• CHarles R. Darwin

Assign given different mutatiuons to given NUC changes

a) TAC -> TAT (Tyr -> Tyr)

b) TAC -> TAG. (Tyr -> Stop)

c) TAC -> CAC. (Tyr -> His)

d) TAC -> TCAC. (Tyr -> ???)

• missense mutation

• frameshift mutation

• non-sense mutation

• silent mutation

F-statistics for:

Expected zygote frequencies

relative fitness per genotype with expected zygote frequency

compute linkage disequilibrium

Fitness as a function of offspring genotypes, viability selection and large pop size

Assign:

• Allele A1 will eventually get fices in the pop

• Allele A2 will eventually get fixed in the pop

• Allele A1 and A2 sill be stably maintained as a polymorphism

• Allele A1 will be maintained at frequency 1/2

• Allele A1 will be a t higher frequency than Allele 2 at equilibrium

• Random genetic drift will dominate allele frequency change

dung flies size, mean pop size = 6, selection = 9, offspring = 8

Felsenstein’s one allele vs two allele models

• key difference considering genetic changes

• why speciation more likely under one-allele

Consider 2 diallelic loci A and B that you genotyped for 7 haploid individuals:

A1B2, A2B1, A1B2, A2B2, A1B1, A2B2, A2B2

1 A1B1, 2 A1B2, 1 A2B1, 3 A2B2

How can you test for evidence of recombination ?

And what is an initial sign of recombination ?

What happens with heterozygosity over time ?

frequencies of next generation with fitness values ?

evolution and time

which of the following cannot be performed using only within-species polymorphism data?

• Hudson-Kreitman-Aguade test

• Tajima’s D test

• Hudson’s haplotype test

• haplotype diversity test

• haplotype number test

The “Fast-X” effect is expected when benefical mutations are:

• recessive

• common

• overdominant

• rare

• dominant

Mutations that change one body part into another are

In the male germline of Drosphilia melanogaster:

• Expression of the X Chromosome is supressed relative to the autosomes

• The X chromosome is enriched with mal-biased genes relative to the autosomes

• The X chromosome is completely deactivated

• X-chromosomal gene expression is upregulated approximatly two-fold

• X-chromosomal gene expression is upregulated approximatly four-fold

in the male somatic cells of Drosphilia melanogaster:

• Expression of the X Chromosome is supressed relative to the autosomes

• The X chromosome is enriched with mal-biased genes relative to the autosomes

• The X chromosome is completely deactivated

• X-chromosomal gene expression is upregulated approximatly two-fold

• X-chromosomal gene expression is upregulated approximatly four-fold