The Protestant Movement in Europe and Hungary – The Counter-Reformation

Originally referred to Luther's supporters who "protested" against Catholic loyalists in Germany.

A 16th-century movement to reform the Catholic Church, leading to new Christian denominations.

Martin Luther's 95 Theses, nailed to a church door in 1517, criticized indulgences and Church corruption.

Sola Fide (faith alone), Sola Scriptura (scripture alone), Priesthood of all believers.

Simony (selling church offices), indulgences, nepotism, clergy breaking vows of chastity.

Enabled mass production of books, spreading Reformation ideas quickly and cheaply.

German monk who initiated the Reformation; excommunicated in 1520

Translated the Bible into English; believed salvation didn't require the Church

Criticized Church wealth and indulgences; burned at the stake for heresy.

French reformer; emphasized predestination and established Calvinism

Originated in Germany; emphasized salvation by faith alone.

Founded by John Calvin; believed in predestination and strict moral laws.

Established by King Henry VIII after breaking with the Pope in 1534.

Advocated adult baptism and separation from secular society.

Luther refused to recant his teachings before Emperor Charles V.

Allowed German princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their territories.

Declared Martin Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.

Spread through German-speaking communities and mining towns after 1517.

Adopted Calvinist doctrines like the Second Helvetic Confession.

Princes supported religious tolerance, as seen in the Edict of Torda (1568).

Habsburg rulers reintroduced Catholicism, marginalizing Protestants.

The Catholic Church’s response to Protestantism, aiming to reform itself and regain followers.

Addressed corruption, reaffirmed Catholic doctrine, and condemned Protestant beliefs.

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola; focused on education, missionary work, and defending Catholicism.

Church courts that punished heresy; particularly strong in Spain and Italy.

Northern Europe became predominantly Protestant; Southern Europe remained Catholic.

Religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants across Europe.

Edict of Tolerance (1781) granted Protestants more freedom under Emperor Joseph II.

Baroque style flourished under the Counter-Reformation to inspire devotion.

Protestant schools promoted literacy and Bible reading, while Jesuits established elite Catholic institutions.