What is culture?
What is culture ? iceberg model, Hall 1976
Model of the cultural iceberg by interculturalost Gary R. Weaver in 1986 built on ideas formed by Edward T Hall 1976 and Freuds Theory of the “unconscious” mind 1915
What is culture? Scheins culture Framework 1995
Trompenaars: Culture is like an onion
The essence of culture is not what visible on the surface. It is the shared ways groups of people understand and interpret the world. In every culture a limited number of general, universally shared human problems need to be solved. The problems are shared by mankind; their solutions are not and therefore allowing to distinguish one culture from another.
Artifacts
Espoused Values
Norms and values
family (loyalty, collective versus individualistic decision taking, etc)
Relationships (big network versus a few close friends)
Communication (gesticulations, loud, emotional versus distanced, moderate tone, etc)
Espoused values
Greeting
formal adress, informal adress
Greeting (kissing, embracing, shaking hands)
Potential conflicts
espoused values
Time
Polychronic/ monochronic
Punctuality/unpunctuality
Flexible/ rigid
Basic underlying assumptions
geography
Climate
Aristotle
History
globe
Religion
religion practices and corruption
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