The industrial Revolutions

Took place in the 18th-19th century, centered in England.

No civil strife, government favored trade, island geography, and weak guilds.

Government refrained from interfering in free markets.

People moved from villages to cities; slums emerged in urban areas.

Increased population led to higher demand for food and textiles.

Included Spinning Jenny, mechanical looms, and Jacquard looms.

Invented the spinning water frame and built the first spinning factory in 1771.

Revolutionized factories, mines, and transportation with steam engines.

Railroads, steamboats, and improved infrastructure transformed trade and mobility.

Coal replaced wood; steam pumps were used for mining operations.

New tools like harvesters and seed drills improved productivity.

Poor working conditions, child labor, and resistance from Luddites.

Handicraftsmen who opposed industrialization due to job losses.

Enabled faster goods transportation and created more jobs.

Facilitated travel, sports, cultural exchange, and leisure activities.

Known as the Technological Revolution (1870-1914). Focused on steel, chemicals, and electricity.

Factories began producing consumer goods like soap and clothing at scale.

Automobiles, bicycles, trains, and airplanes became widespread.

Telegraphs, telephones, radios spread ideas quickly.

Hungary grew economically between the Compromise and WWI with 2.5%-3% annual growth.

Included metallurgy (iron mining), milling industry (Mechwart András), and food processing (e.g., pálinka).

Played a key role in railways and mining industries in Hungary.

Sugar from sugar beets; spirits like pálinka and Unicum were produced.

Improved efficiency in manufacturing during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Immediate benefits but potential disruptions like job loss.

Resistance arises due to negative impacts (e.g., Luddites).

Benefits outweigh negatives; technology is adapted rather than abandoned.

Increased access to books, magazines, sports events, and leisure activities.