3. Inglehart und Weizel

1. Collectivism – Individualism: Group loyalty vs. autonomy, liberal values

2. Duty – Joy: Obligation & restraint vs. pleasure, creativity, freedom

3. Distrust – Trust: Low vs. high social and institutional trust → The first two show strong generational shifts; the third does not.

1. Largest non-commercial academic social survey

2. Covers 120 countries, 94.5% of the world population

• Founder of the World Values Survey (WVS)

• President of WVS from 1981 to 2013

• Developed a questionnaire on topics such as:

  • Social values, Well-being, trust, social capital, Economic and political values

• Empirical map based on World Values Survey data

• Shows cultural change and persistent traditions

• Two main value dimensions:

  1. Traditional vs. Secular-Rational Values

  2. Survival vs. Self-Expression Values

• Societies move across the map as they develop, but historical-cultural roots remain visible

1. Traditional values:

   • Religion, parent-child ties, respect for authority, national pride

   • Rejection of divorce, abortion, euthanasia, and suicide

2. Secular-Rational values:

   • Oppose traditional values

   • Acceptance of divorce, abortion, euthanasia, and suicide

   • Less focus on religion and authority

3. Survival values:

   • Focus on economic/physical security

   • Low trust and tolerance

   • Ethnocentric worldview

4. Self-Expression values:

   • Environmental protection, gender equality, tolerance (e.g. LGBTQ+)

   • Demand for democratic participation and freedom

Q: What does the Inglehart–Welzel World Cultural Map 2022 visually show?

A:

• Positioning of countries along two value dimensions:

  1. Traditional ↔ Secular-Rational Values (y-axis)

  2. Survival ↔ Self-Expression Values (x-axis)

• Countries group into cultural zones (e.g., Protestant Europe, Confucian, Latin America)

• Shows how cultural heritage influences value orientation despite modernization

• Example: Sweden scores high on self-expression & secular-rational; Zimbabwe scores low on both

1. Societies shift over time toward: → Secular-Rational values (vertical axis) → Self-Expression values (horizontal axis)

2. Example: Sweden & Protestant Europe moved further right and up

3. Despite global modernization, cultural zones remain (e.g. Confucian, Orthodox, English-speaking)

4. Shows both value change and cultural persistence

A: Cultural change is driven by:

1. Economic development

2. Generational effects

3. Unique national history and geography

Conclusions:

• Cultural change is substantial

• Societies have become more individualistic and joy-focused