8.Globe

A: Culture refers to shared motives, values, beliefs, identities, and meanings of significant events resulting from shared experiences transmitted across generations.

GLOBE = Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness

A: Leadership is

• influencing activities of an organized group toward goal setting and achievement

It involves vision, motivation, communication, and ethical behavior.

A: Nowadays, leadership can be learned and trained, but performance is influenced by personal attributes

1. Power Distance → How much inequality in power is accepted (high = hierarchy is normal; low = equality preferred)

2. Uncertainty Avoidance → How much people rely on rules to avoid unpredictability (high = structure and rules; low = flexibility)

3. Humane Orientation → The value placed on kindness, fairness, and generosity

4. Institutional Collectivism → Focus on group loyalty and collective effort at the organizational level

5. In-Group Collectivism → How loyal and proud people are of their family or close group

6. Assertiveness → How confrontational, direct, and competitive people are

7. Gender Egalitarianism → Degree of equality between men and women

8. Future Orientation → Importance of planning and preparing for the future

9. Performance Orientation → Value placed on excellence, achievement, and improvement

1. Charismatic / Value-Based → Inspires through vision, self-sacrifice

1. Team-Oriented → Focuses on team building, collaboration

2. Participative → Involves people in decisions – democratic leadership

3. Humane-Oriented → Shows compassion, modesty, and care for others

4. Autonomous → Values independence and self-reliance in leaders

5. Self-Protective → Emphasizes safety, face-saving, and procedural caution