Energy generated by fusion in sun is emitted as
solar wind (particles)
solar radiation
advent of agriculture 10.000 years ago led to
permanent settlement
domestication of animals
use of metal tools
2 important innovations in China in middle age:
invention of:
printing technology
compass
key innovations for second industrial revolution
electricity
railways
modern medicine
automobiles
telegraph / telephone
% major global religions
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
Judaism
first 3 large empires in human history (founded 2500 years ago)
Persian median empire
Qin empire (China)
Roman Empire
3 Countires holding the largest colonial empires
England
France
Spain
2 majoir scientific achievements in world war 2 leading to industrial revolution 3:
invention of transistor
clarification of structure of DNA
Abiotic factors makung up environment of an organism are
insolation
climate
geology
most important macromolecules in living species
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acid
Organelles in eukaryotes
mitochondria
chloroplasts
ribosomes
ER
Golgi Apparatus
Important terrestial biomes
temperate grassland
temperate rainforest
tropical rainforest
desert
Movement of tectonic plates of earth crust lead to
earthquake
volcanic acitivity
tsunamis
Very high dipole movement of water molecule gives water special important properties
high heat capacity
solvent capabilities
liquid state at normal environmental temperatures
layers of the atmosphere (bottom to top)
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
main classes of organic carbon compounds in living species
cellulose
In hydrosphere carbon exists as
dissolved carbon dioxide
suspended carbonates
dead organic matter
most important autotroph organisms
Plants (trees)
Phytoplankton
Algae
Cyanobacteria
Major processes for release of carbon into atmosphere
respiration performed by animals
volcanic erruption
combustion of organic material
production of cement
outgassing from oceans
Volcanic erruption release following substances in gaseous form
water vapor
carbin dioxide
sulfur dioxide
Mechanism of nitrogen uptake in atmosphere and soil by plants
nitrogen fixation by certain bacteria
nitrat uptake from soil
Major plant nutrients (from fertilizer)
nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium
major processes releasing nitrogen into atmosphere
burning fossil fuels
denitrification by bacteria
Source of input of phosphorus to water and soil
fertilization in agriculture
detergents from households
Major abiotic factors determining quality, stability and vulnerability of an ecosystem
water
air
soil
temperature
light
examples for present ecological crisis are
climate change
loss of biodiversity
examples for past ecological crisis are
permian-triassic extinction event
cretaceous-tertiary extinction event
examples for present regional ecological crisis are
overpopulation
droughts
deforestation
desertification
extreme pollution of air, water and soil
examples for past regional ecological crisis are
exxon valdez oil spill off coast of alaska
nucleat meltdown of Chernobyl
Most important radioactive elements of Chernobyl
Caesium-137
Strontium-90
Iodine-131
Benefits of biodiversity
provision of food and drinks
provision of medicine
provision of industrial materials
resistence of crops to catastrophes
resistance of crops to diseases
Persistant threads to biodiversity
land change activities
environmental pollution
fertilizers and pesticides
hunting and fishing
most important classes of chemical substances in relation to pollution of environment
fertilizers
detergents
plant protection chemicals
waste materials
pharmaceuticals and agropharmaceuticals
main POP which have been banned
chloro-fluoro-carbons
DDT
dioxins
Club of rome proposed for basis for future sustainable development the decoupling of
resource use from economic growth
environmental impact from resource use
Major EU legislation on air pollution
Euro emission standarts dor road vehicles
integrated pollution prevention and control directive
national emission ceilings directive
thermatic strategy on clean air for europe
air quality directives
major primary air pollultants
sulphur dioxide SO2
nitrogent dioxide NOx
particulate matter PM
volatile organic compounds VOCs
major secondary air pollultants
ozone O3
ammonium sulfate
ammonium nitrate particles
major sources for SO2 in ambient air of europe
power stations (coal, oil)
transport using sulphur containing fuel (esp. shipping)
Major reasons for elevated ozone levels in ambient air of europe
road vehicle and ship emissions
high UV radiation
Major sources for PM10 in ambient air in europe
dust from road traffic
vehicle emissions
small scale heating
regional transport of air pollutants
industrial emissions
Major sources for PM2,5 in ambient air in europe
main measures for reduction of SO2-pollution of ambient air in europe
industrial abatement measures (cleaning of flue gas)
elimination of sulfur from diesel and gasoline
main measures for reduction of pollution of ambient air in europe with particular matter
industrial abatement measures (filters for smoke stacks)
reduced emissions for diesel passengers cars
improved road management
reduction of small scale heating
major sources for biological / chemical water pollution
industrial waste water discharges
human waste water discharges
agricultural effluents
oil discharges
major inorganic contaminents of water
nitrates and phosphates from human waste waters, manure and fertilizers
chemical waste as industrial byproducts
heavy metals including acid mine drainage
major organic contaminents of water
agro-pharmaceuticals
human medicine (estrogenes)
petroleum hydrocarbons
chemical compounds found in perspnal hygiene and cosmetic products
key function of soil
provider of raw materials
incredible habitat and gene pool
plants and crops depend on soil for supply of water, nutirents and as medium for growing
soil stores, filters, buffers
transforms substances that are introduced into environment
Mitigation of soil contamination arising from waste deposition (landfilling)
waste reduction and recycling
incineration and pyrolysis
composting and mechanical biological treatment
banning of disposal of untreated waste in landfills
Drivers of increased resource (and energy) use
population numbers
rising income
human-caused deforestation and degradation of forest habitat is continuing primarly due to
expanding human population
spread of agruculture
use of wood for housing / shipbuilding
mining activities
infrastructure development
Impact of deforestation on environment
reduced biodiversity
loss of attraction for inhabitants / tourists
reduction of storage of organic carbon in soil
enhancement of greenhouse gas emissions
land degradation
flash flooding
genetic seed modification of seed material allows to produce plants with new properties
enhanced resistance to
insects
efficient broad band pesticides
improved nutrient contetn
higher drought resistance
higher salt resistance
most important GM crops are
maire
soybeans
cotton
rapeseed
most important modern fishing technologies leading to overexploitation of fish stocks
purse seine
trawling
bottom trawling
EU set recycling goals between 50 & 85% for
household waste
construction and demolition
electrical and electronical equipment
end of life vehicles
packaging
major sinks for greenhouse gases are uptake by
oceans
plants
Critical raw materials for realization of Green Deal
Cobalt
Neodymium
Lithium
Vanadium
Main green house gases
CO2
CH4
N2O
fluorinated gases
major visible impacts of global warming
surface temperature anomalies of mediterranean sea
strong retreat of alpine glaciers
loss of sea ice
reduction in rain water supply
increasing number of hot days
increase in forest fires
main implementation tools of EU climate and energy policy
Mitigation: reducing and avoiding GHG emissions
Adaptation: reducing exposure and vulnerability
reasons for aging of populations
rising life expectancy
declining fertility
drivers for “Third industrial revolution”
mitigation of global warming
sustainable production: reduced use of resources
reduction of environmental pollution: “clean” technologies
sustainable management of whole earth system: earth observation
Key elements for “third industrial revolution” are development of sustainable technologies
recycling of materials
new efficient transport systems
low carbon electricity generation
artificial intelligence
Major green house gas emission reduction measures for road transport
EU-Directives for reduction of CO2 emissions
electric cars
speed limits
smart mobility
Major green house gas emission reduction measures for buildings
passive houses
energy surplus buildings
smart cities, carbon neutral ecocities
EU energy standards
Major green house gas emission reduction measures for agriculture
more efficient fertilization
reduced cattle farming
less meat consumption
production of biofuels from plants
3 sectors with highest greenhouse gas emissions in EU
electricity production
industry
transport
major base load / backup power plants for future electricity production
hydro power plants
hydro storage plants
nuclear power plants
major means to store excess electricity (wind and solar)
hydro
production of hydrogen
batteries
first generation of biofuels
cereals
sugar
plant oils
major techniques to produce hydrogen in large quantities as basis for “hydrogen economy”
electrolysis of water
steam cracking
technologies for production of low carbon electricity
wind energy
photovoltaics
geothermal energy
hydropower
Landmark events in space exploration
1957 first human made object to orbit (Sputnik)
1969 first moon landing Apollo 11
1970 landing of Mars 3 on Mars
1971 first space station (Salyut 1)
1998 International space station (ISS)
Operational dimension of EU GMES (copernikus) programme covers
land monitoring
marine services
atmospheric services
crisis management
How many galaxies do we have (Milky way is one of them)
100 billion
How many stars contains milky way
1 billion stars
one galactic year in “normal” years
250 years
How many plantes does our solar system have
8
diameter of earth
12.000 km
Core T°C of sun
Surface T°C of sun
15 million °C
5.000 °C
Age of earth
5 billion years
which of following species doesnt beling to class of homo erectus
australopithecus
When developed homo sapiens
200.000 years ago
appearance of homo sapiens led to extinction of
homo neanderthalensis
weight of human brain
2% of body weight
Islamic religion developed where, when:
in Arabia in the 7th century
Developer of the philosophical school of athens
Plato
Muslim empire came up with important innovations by production of:
chemical substances
most innovative domain in europe was the
Islamic empire
Age of enlightnenment led to principles of:
the french revolution
First and Second world war brought massive shift of political power from
USA
Robert Schuman is one of the founding fathers of:
European Union
Prime drivers for globalization
Innovation of WWW 1989 was made at
CERN
Number of internet users globally is around
5.5 billion people
number of internet users has increased (in last 20 years) by factor of
15
Percentage of global population using smartphones
85%
In the Anthopocene during last 100 years the consumption of energy and natural resources has increased by factor of
10
Percentage of human genome identical with genes of shimpanzees is
99
Amount of cells in human brain
Amount of energy used by human brain
25%
when was the first major european colony “New spain” founded when and by who
after conquest of the Aztec empire
by Hernando Cortes
historically largest empire was
Mongolian empire under Genghis Kahn
Invention of James Watt enabled the building of
railroads
(he invented improvements to the steam engine)
share of world trade carried by shipping is
90%
global number of air passengers per year
5 billion
amount of base pairs in human DNA
3 billion BP
amount of genes in human DNA
23.000 genes
difference in DNA sequence between various peoples in human race
0,1%
what contains the highest number of cells in human body
blood
main component of lithosphere
Silicates
Core T°C of earth
Mass of earth is responsible for
gravitational field
The ocean water of our planet originates from
outer space comets
How many pieces EU environmental legislation have been produced since 1970
150 pieces
Climate of savanna
wet summers
Climate of forests
stable seasonal precipitation
Climate of tropical rain forest
high and stable seasonal precipitation
When did the evolution of the biosphere begin
3.5 billion years ago
Annual movement of tectonic plates in order of some
centimeters
max. densitiy of water at
4°C
Seawater is in respect to pH values
slightly acidic
amount of water on our earth originates from
bombardment by asteroids
Eart temperature without green house effect
would be 30°C lower
when ended the last ice age
around 10.000 years ago
which water has higher oxygen content (polar sea water or tropical ocean water)
polar sea water has lower oxygen content
how much surface is covered by water
70%
how much of global water resources is fresh water
1%
average global temperature during ice age
5°C lower than now
Where is the highest concentration of water in the atmosphere
in the region of the tropics
Photosynthesis of oceanic plants produces
oxygen
Gulf stream influences the climate of
Western Europe
Gulf stream originated by updwelling of warmer water in the
North Atlantic
Gulf stream is largely driven by
global thermohaline circulation
average content of water in atmosphere
Zuletzt geändertvor 8 Tagen