What are the five branches of German social insurance?
Pension (RV), Health (GKV), Long-Term Care (PV), Unemployment (ALV), Accident (GUV).
What are the core principles of German social insurance?
Mandatory Coverage: Most employees must be insured.
Contribution-Based: Funded by salary-based contributions.
Shared Burden: Employers & employees split contributions (except for GUV - employer only).
Pay-as-you-go (Umlageverfahren): Current contributions pay for current benefits.
Solidarity: All insured share the risk.
What does the GKV provide? Who is covered?
Provides medical care and financial support during illness.
Mandatory for most employees.
Exceptions: High earners, self-employed.
Funded by percentage of income (Solidarity).
What is the purpose of the PV?
Covers the risk of needing long-term care.
Mandatory for GKV members.
Contributions shared by employers/employees.
Additional contribution for childless individuals over 23.
What benefits does the GRV provide?
Financial security in old age, disability, and for surviving dependents.
Mandatory for employees.
Who is covered by the ALV, and what does it offer?
Mandatory for employed individuals.
Provides financial support (Arbeitslosengeld I) and job placement services.
What does the GUV cover, and who pays for it?
Covers workplace accidents and occupational diseases.
Funded solely by employers.
How does individual insurance differ from social insurance?
Voluntary (with exceptions).
Premiums based on risk and coverage, not income.
Fills gaps in social insurance (e.g., private accidents).
Sources and related content
How did social security in Germany evolve?
From family-based support to state-run systems due to industrialization. Bismarck's social insurance was the foundation. The system has shown continuity over time.
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