Bausteine des Lebens

• Biomolecules

  • H

  • C (most important)

  • N

  • O

  • P

  • S

  • (Se is rare)

• Essential cations and anions in salts

  • Na

  • Mg

  • K

  • Ca

  • Cl

• Trace metals (“Spurenelemente) add special functions to proteins (gut für Redoxreaktionen)

  • Mn

  • Fe

  • Co

  • Ni

  • Cu

  • Zn

  • Mo

  • W

=> Elektronegativität

-> H2O ist Dipolar und Wassermoleküle halten durch H-Brücken und Dipol-Dipol-WW zusammen. Was hat daher eine hohe heat Capacity: heats up and cools down more slowly

(Moleküle ohne H-Bindungen sind hydrophobic/lipophilic)

Wenn Bild und Spiegelbild nicht aufeinanderpassen

rot: Carbon skeleton

blau: Functional Groups

• Heteroatoms (O,N,P,S (alles ausser C/H) in functional groups add dipoles and free e- pairs for new bonds and chemical reactions

• OH-Gruppen begünstigen Löslichkeit der Substanz (WB, polarisiert)

• strong polarity/charges favour solubility

  
  

• steric hinders reactivity

• electronic distribution /charges favour reactivity

Central (primary) metabolites

• lipids

• Carbohydrates (sugars)

• Nucleosides, Nucleotides

• Amino acids

Information carriers, biocat cellular structures

• polysaccharides

• Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

• Proteins

= affinity to water as well as lipids

• = sugars

• follow formula: Cn(H2O)n (e.g Glucose: C6(H2O)6)

• Almost all natural carbohydrates are D-Carbohydrates => Aldehyde is on top, the OH group at the lowest chiral C is positioned at the right

Chains of amino acids

-> Peptides: 2-100 amino acids

-> Proteins: > 100 to several 10’000 amino acids

Nucleotides -> Nucleic acids (RNA, DNA)