In more demanding tasks it is easier to just use one modality then multiple ones.
What are the benefits of nonverbal communication?
Nonverbal signals can influence verbal signals by:
Substitude information (e.g. nodding instead of saying yes)
Amplify (intensify the spoken yes by nodding the same time)
Contradict (irony: saying no but nodding and meaning yes)
Modify (“I catched a big fish” and showing the size)
Uncontious / Contious
Intentional / Unintentional
What are the 4 aspects of a message? (Schulz v. Thun)
Factual information
Self revealing information
Information about the relationship
Appeal/ goal
How can gestures be classified functionally?
Emblem (e.g. nodding, thumbs up) -> cultural, learned
Affect display (e.g. facial expression, posture) -> related to emotion, completes language
Adaptor (e.g. scratching while talking) -> disconected of spoken meaning
Speech Related/ Illustrators
How can gestures be classified semioticaly?
• Deictic (indicate specific objects, locations, or entities in the environment with pointing)
• Iconic (concrete idea: attributes “so big”, relations “right beneath it”, representation of the concept e.g. miming the act of drinking from a cup.)
• Metaphoric (abstract idea: “talk was soo long” – “rolling” movement)
• Beats (rhythmic movement, accompany speech)
What is back chaneling?
All kinds of coordinated movements to symbolize, that we are stil enganging in this conversation
What does gaze symbolize?
Points that we focus -> points of interest
Visualized with heatmaps
Describe where in the picture is the
inner space
immediate environment
participants space
And describe the environments
O: inner space
Not occupied space for exchanginh verbal and nonverbal signals
P: participants space
Covers acting persons and their belongings, quite small
R: immediate environment
Outer space, not part of the interaction
How do two people position themselves when they talk about
Their relationship
A different topic
The environment
Relationship -> vis à vis
Topic -> L shape
Environment -> side by side
What is Turn Taking?
Organizing who is participating in the conversation by
Assigning a new speaker (Fred what do you think?)
holding the turn
Giving the turn (giving it free for everyone to grab it)
It is signaled in a multimodal way and is usually very smooth (small overlap/ pause , if pause is too long-> akward silence)
It can by signaled with Intonation, Gesture, Gaze or Verbally
What are the 6 basic emotions shown by facial expressions?
Joy
Sadness
Anger
Suprise
Disgust
Fear
How is Agreement/ Social Interaction ususally expressed?
Usually by copying/adapting behavior over time
Gestures (e.g. Mimic gestures after some time)
Speech (wording & syntax tends to get more similar over time)
Prosody (speech rate, pitch pattern, vowel space)
Posture
This cannot be controlled
How can social dominance be detected in peoples interaction?
Higher social status can be shown in:
More interruption, more touch, disrespecting private space
About equal percentage of gazing during speaking and listening
Louder speech, less back-channeling
Uses more space, calm gestures
Describe the taxonomy of how different cultures can by classified in their ways of interaction
High-contact vs. low contact
->Less personal space, frequent contact
Individualism vs. Collectivism
-> Gaze and voice signals of confidence vs. routines and politeness signals
-> collectivism often in south east asian country
High-context vs. low context
-> More indirect speech acts accompanied with nonverbal messages in High context
-> e.g. Germany with low and France/ arabic countries with high context
Power distance
-> Differences in power signaling
-> e.g. in india common, in denmark uncommon
“Masculine” vs. “Feminine” cultures
-> Emphasize e.g. success compared to life quality (Germany vs Sweden)
-> not up to date anymore
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