Kapitel 3 Graphic Modalities

• challenge: you don’t know what problem will occur

  -> you can’t fix something you dont know exists

• you dont see the problem due to getting used to it -> new users are probably not used to it -> should be fixed

• -> Problem: you dont know that it is there

• feedback

• user observations (e.g. cognitive walkthroughs)

• testing

  
  

• what to do (from video):

  • look broader -> take a step back and look at all steps needed to complete a task -> can one be removed?

  • look closer -> focus on tiny details -> is this important or is it just how we always did it

  • think younger -> have people with young minds on your team (are not used to problems)

static graphic language using analogue units >> expressing info by means of analogue static graphic elements used as units of linguistic expression (e.g. hieroglyphics)

dynamic graphic language using analogue units >> expressing info by means of analogue dynamic graphic elements used as units of linguistic expression (e.g. film subtitles, sign language)

analogue static graphics >> express specific info through static analogue representation in the graphic medium

analogue dynamic graphics >> express specific info through dynamic analogue representation in the graphic medium

dynamic graphic language using non-analogue units >> either for dynamic graphic writing or visual speech

static graphic language using non-analouge units >> text in e.g. latin alphabet characters (or Greek, Cyrillic, …) in non situated communication like letters / articles / books

static graphic language using analogue units

• first steps of learning the language might be facilitated by focusing on listening and reading (mb tutor etc)

• analogue -> characters have meaning / are natural -> first stages of learning the language might be facilitated

communication …

… with deaf/ hard-of-hearing and ppl with ability to use it (situated communication)

… when speech must be avoided, due to avoiding attention / other person can not hear you (e.g. commando soldiers preoceed by stealth, traffic)

… when speech is ineffective (e.g. high noise levels)

using analogue units (e.g. chinese subtitles)/ using non-analogue units (e.g. visual speech)

(folien)

• Dynamic graphic writing: is the dynamic form of static graphic language (e.g. text scrolling down-screen)

  -> Requirements:

  • user's undivided attention is assumed

  • the information may not be overly complex

  • the information is not very important

• Visual aspect of spoken language / visual speech: movements of mouth, tongue, lips and teeth

  -> Requirements:

  • Context must be used to distinguish similar phonemes

  • May be used when the alternatives are even less apt

  • Supports spoken language perception and

    understanding

limitations of dimensionality, specificity, sketchhiness, aspects of similarity and resolution of the representation >> still helpful of quick visual communication and stories over time if combined

visualizing specific info in different dimensions when change and development over time is important to the visualization (e.g. infovideos)

main points:

• product designer should see everyday things / design problems (nomal people got used to) and fix those

• Example: sticker on apple -> look for sticker -> trying to get it of the apple -> gets annoying

  -> first obset about it -> after 100 times got used to it

• Habituation: sth becomes second nature -> stops us from being overwhelmed

• Problem: noone notice design problems (invisable problem)

• expresses information by means of analogue static graphic elements used as units of linguistic expression

• analogue aspects are vividly present to visual perception by the language user -> there might be some special aptitude potential -> first stages of learning the language might be facilitated.

Example: ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, Chinese characters

• expresses information by means of analogue dynamic graphic elements used as units of linguistic expression

• two distinct varieties:

  • dynamic version of static graphic language modality, such as film subtitles or hieroglyphs or Chinese signs scrolling across the display

  • sign language, primarily the family of gesture-based languages -> for deaf and hard-of-hearing to conduct purely visual situated communication, but also a range of less expressive, more specialised languages -> is produced by means of gesture made by hands, arms, face, head and other body parts

• used when:

  • Situated communication with the deaf and hard-of-hearing and anyone else who have some skills in interpreting or generating a particular sign language

  • Communication when speech must be avoided because it has high saliency and easily catches unwanted attention, like when commando soldiers proceed by stealth

  • Communication when speech is ineffective, for instance when the noise level is too high, like on an active aircraft carrier deck.

Examples: Mr. Bean using facial expressions & gestures to comunicate, communicate through sign language

• is illustrated by the present text in latin alphabet characters (other examples are the Greek and Cyrillic alphabets)

Example:

non-situated communication(e.g. letters, articles, books, emails, advertising,…) -> people tend to prefer situated language modalities,e.g. speech / sign language for situated communication

hyprid forms of more or less situated uses (e.g. instant exchange of email, sms, text chat)

• language as expressed graphically and dynamically. It does not seem to matter whether the units of expression used are analogue or non-analogue

• Language is primarily expressed dynamically and graphically in two ways:

  • Dynamic graphic writing: is the dynamic form of static graphic language (e.g. text scrolling down-screen)

    -> Requirements:

    • user's undivided attention is assumed

    • the information may not be overly complex

    • the information is not very important

  • Visual aspect of spoken language / visual speech: movements of mouth, tongue, lips and teeth

    -> Requirements:

    • Context must be used to distinguish similar phonemes

    • May be used when the alternatives are even less apt

    • Supports spoken language perception and

      understanding

Examples: handwriting, lip reading

• express specific information through static analogue representation in the graphic medium (e.g. infographic)

• allow unrestricted freedom of visual inspection of the analogue information represented

• limitations of dimensionality, specificity, sketchiness, aspects of similarity, and resolution of the representation

• Visualizing information in 1D, 2D and 3D spatial while preserving full freedom of perceptual inspection, representations serving as snapshots of real or imagined objects, processes, and events or aspects of these. Several snapshots can be sequenced into a cartoon to represent causality and change over time

Example: Flow of voters for different parties

• express specific information through dynamic analogue representation in the graphic medium

  -> subject to limitations of dimensionality, specificity, sketchiness, aspects of similarity, and resolution of the representation

• are apt for visualizing specific information in 1D, 2D and 3D spatial when change and development over time is important to the visualization

Example: animated info video

static graphic language using analogue units

dynamic graphic language using analogue units

dynamic graphic language using analogue units

static graphic language using non-analogue units

dynamic graphic language using non-analogue units

dynamic graphic language using non-analogue units

analogue static graphics

analogue dynamic graphics