Neurolingu

The study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control comprehension

Language production

In the inferior frontal gyrus of the left frontal lobe

difficulties or the unability to comprehend or produce language and to express thoughts by means of language because of damage to specific brain areas.

• Comprehension: relatively intact

• Speech production: slow, non-fluent, supported by nonverbal signs, impaired speech production, nonlexical vocalization, awareness of deficit

• Utterance: short, one or two words, no or few syntactic relations between words, absence of function words, absence of inflection

Language comprehension and semantic processing.

In the left temporal lobe

This is a form of aphasia in which it is difficult to understand things that other people say to you. These patients can speak words themselves, but there is usually no logic to their sentences.

• Comprehension: very poor

• Speech production: fluent and effortless but impaired semantics, utterances are largely meaningless or not fitting in context, no awareness of deficit

• Utterance: from normal length to very long utterance, largely grammartical

It connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area.

The tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be specialized to one side of the brain.

The left hemisphere

A spatial code in the auditory cortex where different parts respond to different sound frequencies.

Electrical signals (long distance) and chemical signals (short distance).

A sudden change in the electrical properties of a neuron

Gaps between the terminal buttons of transmitting neurons and the dendrites of receiving neurons.

The process of converting physical or chemical sensory stimuli into neural impulses.

It is involved in phonological processing and is sensitive to specific classes of phonemes.

It reflects syllabic information and helps in speech processing through temporal changes in sound amplitude.

A bundle of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Gyri are ridges or peaks on the brain's surface

Sulci are fissure and depression on the brain's surface

Associated with auditory processing and taste.

Nerve fibers that connect different parts of the same hemisphere.

They connect visual and auditory information to semantic processing.

blocking of the neural pathway from acoustic or visual impulse (symbol) to sensory area in Wernicke

“Pathway lesion”

Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signals to infer brain activity.

Glucose uptake in the brain using radioactive tracers.

Electrical activity of the brain with high temporal resolution.

An event-related potential associated with processing meaning in language.

Conversion of sound waves into electrical neural signals in the cochlea.

Parallel convergent-divergent processing refers to how the brain processes information through multiple pathways at the same time (parallel), which then either come together (converge) to produce unified perception or spread out (diverge) to influence different functions or brain areas.

Processing sounds, grammar and semantic relations

(syntax, semantics, functions words, language production, comprehension)

processing discourse organization and social aspects of language based interaction.

A neural representation of sound in the brain based on acoustic features.

• lobus frontalis

• lobus temporalis

• lobus parientalis

• lobus occipitalis

• lobus insularis

Corpus callosum

A lesion overlap in neurolinguistics is a method that identifies brain regions critical for language by comparing areas of damage shared across individuals with similar language impairments