What are organisms made out of?
Cells
What is cell structure correlated to?
Cellular function
All cells are related from their descent of?
Earlier cells
Cells are..
What do scientists use to visualize cells?
Microscopes
The quality of an image depends on…
Magnification
Resolution
Contrast
Range of Microscopes
Light microscopes can magnify effectively up to…
1000x the size of an image
Some organelles are too… to be seen in a Light microscope
Techniques to enhance contrast in a microscope
Brightfield, Phase-contrast, Nomarski, Fluorescence, Confocal, and electron microscopy
Two types of electron microscopy
Scanning and Transmission
The technique of centrifuge
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
What domains are the only ones with eukaryotic cells?
Bacteria and Archaea
What are the domains that consist of eukaryotic cells?
Protists
Fungi
Animal
Plants
Basic features of all cells
Plasma membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol
Chromosomes (carry genes)
Ribosomes (make proteins)
Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having..
No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called nucleoid
No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
Parts of a prokaryote
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having..
DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
Eukaryotic cells are generally..
The plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is..
Cellular metabolism sets limits on…
The size of cells
The surface area to volume ratio of a cell is critical
As the surface area increases by a factor of n²…
Small cells have a greater surface area relative to volume
A eukaryotic cell has internal membranes that…
Partition the cell into organelles
Plants and animal cells have…
Most of the same organelles
What contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus
Who uses the information from the DNA to make proteins?
RNA
What contains most of the cell’s genes?
The nuclear envelope encloses the…
Nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
The nucleur membrane is..
Who regulates the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus?
Pores
Who maintains the shaoe of the nucleus?
Nuclear lamina, which is composed of protein
What do DNA and proteins make inside the nucleus?
Genetic material called chromatin
What do chromatin condense into?
Discrete chromosomes
Where does ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesize?
Nucleolus
What are the components of the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
The parts of the endomembrane system is connected via…
Vesicles
The endoplasmic reticulum accounts for…
The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with…
Two distinct regions of the endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which lacks ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum, with ribosomes in its surface
What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies poison
Stores calcium
What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Has bound ribosomes
Secretes glycoproteins
Distributes transport vesicles
Membrane factory of the cell
What does the golgi apparatus consist of?
Flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
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