1. Intro test

Which cells arise from common lymphoid progenitors?

A) NK cells

B) Macrophages

C) Eosinophils

D) Erythrocytes

Which of the following is false?

A) T cells develop in the thymus

B) B cells develop in the bone marrow

C) Innate cells develop in the lymph nodes

D) B and T cells are part of the adaptive immune system

During infection innate cells recognize pathogens by which mechanism?

A) Peptide-MHC complexes

B) Prostaglandins

C) Cytokine receptors

D) Pattern recognition receptors

Which of the following statements are true or false about Toll like receptors?

A) TLRs can bind microbial wall components as well as nucleic acid

B) TLRs can activate both the NF-κB and type I IFN pathways

C) TLRs can be expressed both on the cell surface and within intracellular compartements

D) TLR genes undergo rearrangements to allow diverse recognition of pathogens

The main function of chemokines and chemokine receptors are:

A) Induction of TLR expression

B) Positioning of immune cells at sites of infection and within lymphoid and barrier tissues

C) Antibody production

D) Induction of cytokine production

What is a key difference between a TCR and a BCR?

A) The BCR is more specific that the TCR

B) The TCR is more specific than the BCR

C) The TCR recognizes MHC class I, while the BCR recognizes MHC class II

D) The BCR recognizes native antigen, while the TCR recognizes peptides

Which statement is true about recombinase activating genes RAG1 and RAG2?

A) They are critical for B but not T cell development

B) They are important for antibody secretion

C) They are necessary for VDJ rearrangements of the TCR and BCR gene loci

D) They are expressed throughout the life of lymphocytes

Briefly discuss what you understand when you hear about DN and DP thymocytes or pro- and pre- B cells.

Which of the following statements are true or false about classical MHC-I and MHC-II?

A) MHC-I presents intracellular whereas MHC-II extracellular antigens

B) They are both expressed only by specialized immune cells

C) They are critical for the selection of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the thymus

D) Only MHC-II can present lipid molecules to γδ T cells

What is true or false for the process referred to as cross presentation?

A) All professional antigen presenting cells can cross-present antigen to a similar extent

B) Cross-presentation leads to the presentation of extracellular antigen on MHC class I

C) Cross-presentation results in activation of CD8 T cells

D) It is how non-MHC restricted T cells get activated

What are the 3 signals necessary for optimal T cell activation?

A) TCR, cytokines, chemokines

B) TCR, CD28, cytokines

C) TCR, CD40, chemokines

D) TLR, IL-2, NF-κB

CD8 T cells are well equiped to deal with what? (more than one answer can be correct)

A) Parasites

B) Viral infections

C) Fungal infections

D) Cancer cells

Upon antigen encounter CD4 T cells get activated and can differentiate in at least 3 effector lineages: T-helper1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17. Each lineage has a specialized function by producing unique cytokines and responding to different pathogens. Match the cytokine and

type of infection to the Th lineage.

A) IL-17 and fungal infections

B) IFN-γ and intracellular bacterial infections

C) IL-13 and parasitic infections

D) IL-22 and extracellular bacterial infections

Which of the following statements are true or false about Th cell differentiation?

A) It is coordinated by specialized cytokines and specialized dendritic cells (DCs)

B) All types of DCs can induce all types of Th cells

C) DCs need to be infected by the pathogen before inducing Th cell differentiation

D) Each Th cell subset expresses a unique set of transcriptional regulators

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) (true or false):

A) Can only be induced in the periphery after antigen encounter like non-Treg cells

B) Express immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and TGFβ1

C) Are important but the immune system can replace them with inhibitory receptors

D) They are a homogenous population unlike Th cells

What statements are true or false true about T cell activation and tissue immunity?

A) Antigen first needs to enter the lymph node before DCs can migrate from the tissue

B) DCs pick up antigen in the tissue and migrate to the LN to present it to T cells

C) The tissue of DC origin is the tissue where the activated T cell will migrate to

D) After presenting antigen, the DC returns to the tissue to pick up more/new antigen

Tissues have specialized resident innate and adaptive immune cells as well as non-immune cells that are critical for immunity and homeostasis. Briefly discuss each of the following answers.

A) The statement is true

B) The statement is false

C) The statement is true, but so do secondary lymphoid tissues

Which statements are true or false about autoimmune diseases?

A) They occur when tolerance to self breaks

B) They can occur because of defects in Treg function

C) B cells and antibodies are not associated with autoimmune diseases

D) Th1 cells are the cells mostly driving autoimmunity

The tumor microenvironemnt or TME (i.e. the site where cancer cells grow in the tissue) is known to suppress the immune system. How is this mediated? More than one answer is correct

A) Cancer cells in the TME grow too fast and the immune system can’t cope

B) The TME produces factors that directly suppress immune cells

C) The TME prevents immune cells from migrating in and eradicating cancer cells

D) The TME indirectly suppresses immune cells by inducing expression of inhibitory receptors

Which of the following statements is true regarding the key difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency (ID)?

A) Over the years primary ID becomes secondary

B) Primary ID can affect all immune cells whereas secondary only T cells

C) Primary ID is due to genetic inborn errors of immunity, while secondary ID is acquired as a result of another disease

D) Secondary IDs are by default primary when they affect children at a very young age