Modul 2

Objective manifestation of a disease, perceptible to the observer and useful for diagnosis.Examples: fever, tachycardia.

• Subjective manifestation of a disorder,

• perceived by the patient and not directly observable.

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• Examples: fatigue, visual hallucinations.

• Types: primary/secondary, organic/functional, categorical/dimensional.

• Set of signs and symptoms that characterize a morbid process;

• the term becomes the name of a disease once its cause is known.

• A mental content, behavior, or emotion that is consistent with the individual’s self-image, values, and beliefs;

• it feels natural or justified to the person.

• Example: a person with narcissistic traits who sees their arrogance as confidence.

• A mental content, behavior, or emotion that is inconsistent with the individual’s self-concept or values;

• it feels alien, unwanted, or distressing.

• Example: obsessive thoughts in OCD that the person recognizes as irrational but cannot suppress.

• Level of wakefulness and responsiveness to stimuli;

• the qualitative state determining whether one is aware of internal and external events.

• Levels:

  • I. Excessive vigilance – hyperalert, poor adaptation.

  • II. Attentive vigilance – effective behavior, self-control.

  • III. Relaxed vigilance – floating attention, reduced awareness.

  • IV. Drowsiness – diminished perception and coordination.

  • V. Light sleep – minimal awareness, immobility.

  • VI. Deep sleep – total unresponsiveness.

• Decreased alertness.

• Drowsiness* –

  • Transitional state between wakefulness and sleep; apathy, partial disorientation, preserved reflexes.

• Obnubilation* –

  • Clouding of consciousness with slowed thought and disordered attention; patient sluggish, minimally verbal, disoriented.

• Stupor* –

  • Partial unconsciousness with absent spontaneous movement, minimal reaction to stimuli.

• Coma* –

  • Total absence of response to internal or external stimuli; measured with the Glasgow Coma Scale.

• Pathological increase in alertness and psychomotor activity; racing thoughts, pressured speech, sensory overactivation.S

• een in: mania, hypomania, schizophrenia, stimulant intoxication.

Degree to which external stimuli are perceived distinctly.

Range or extent of perceived stimuli; may narrow or distort in disorders.

Narrowed field of consciousness focused on limited inner experiences, decreased responsiveness, often ending in sleep with amnesia.

Loss of awareness of part or all of the body (e.g., hemiasomatognosia).

• Lack of awareness or denial of neurological deficits.

  
  

• Feeling detached or estranged from oneself;

• experiencing thoughts or perceptions as if they belong to someone else or come from outside.

Feeling that the external world is unreal or altered.

Sense that one’s identity is changed or no longer real.